Ideal Characteristics of Platos Guardians - 1404 Words

Ideal Characteristics of Plato’s Guardians The characterisitics of the ideal guardian is summarized in those words by Socrates in the second book of the Republic : â€Å"[H]e who is to be a really good and noble guardian of the State will require to unite in himself philosophy and spirit and swiftness and strength. . .† Swiftness and strength is deemed necessary as the guardian is to be like a well-bred watchdog, who ought to be â€Å"quick to see, and swift to overtake the enemy when they see him, and strong too, if when they have caught him, they have to fight with him.† The requirement of ‘spirit’ is then derived from this, because if he is to fight well he ought to be brave, and Socrates finds that he is not likely to be brave who has not†¦show more content†¦Heroes should not be seen lamenting or fearing death. In short, only virtues which are desirable shall be depicted in their tales, and none that are undesirable which children migh t imitate. The gymnastic education that Socrates prescribes is not as complicated. He rather merely says that it would be sufficient for their purposes that those being reared to be guardians maintain a healthy diet and follow a simple exercise plan from youth. What is more emphasized by Socrates is that there should be balance in the study of both gymnastics and music, and that these studies should be properly harmonized. Those who neglect gymnastics will tend be soft, but on the other hand, those who likewise neglect music will tend to savagery. As Socrates says, â€Å"this ferocity only comes from spirit, which if rightly educated, would give courage, but, if too much intensified, is liable to become hard and brutal.† He continues, â€Å"On the other hand the philosopher will have the quality of gentleness. And this also, when too much indulged, will turn to softness, but, if educated rightly will be gentle and moderate.† Thus the traits that make a good guardian a re developed and nurtured through a good balance of musical and gymnastic education. That portion in the second book is where the qualities are actually first enumerated. The discussion will deviate a little in the third to the fifth books, and the subject will be brought up again in the sixth book. There SocratesShow MoreRelatedIdeal Characteristics of Platos Guardians1393 Words   |  6 PagesIdeal Characteristics of Plato’s Guardians The characterisitics of the ideal guardian is summarized in those words by Socrates in the second book of the Republic : â€Å"[H]e who is to be a really good and noble guardian of the State will require to unite in himself philosophy and spirit and swiftness and strength. . .† Swiftness and strength is deemed necessary as the guardian is to be like a well-bred watchdog, who ought to be â€Å"quick to see, and swift to overtake the enemy when they see him, and strongRead MoreComparison Between Plato And The Composition Of The Ideal City State1368 Words   |  6 Pages Plato and the Composition of the Ideal City-State in Parts I-III of The Republic Wei Ting Lee 500467076 Ryerson University Introduction Appearance versus reality is a pertinent theme in Plato’s dialogues. Yet, the precise nature of truth, the good and the beautiful all rely on contradiction, which the philosopher uses in his discussion of an ideal civil society. To properly understand Plato’s motivation, it is necessary to briefly explain his historical context: Athenian democracyRead MorePlato on the Parthenon Essay928 Words   |  4 Pagestangible and exists in our real world. The Parthenon is an architectural project and deals with forms of science and mathematics. Platos view of science and mathematics are categorized as forms in the Intelligible World, which are intangible. Through analysis of illusory tactics, the Tripartite Soul, the simile of the line, and the artistic qualities of architecture, Platos, as well as my view of the Parthenon will become evident. The Parthenon was built to honor the goddess of wisdom, Athena. WhenRead MoreEssay about Platos De Feminization of The Republic1731 Words   |  7 PagesPlatos De Feminization of The Republic Platos suggestion that female guardians do everything male guardians do is a radical and revolutionary proposal in a time when women were viewed as property. However there are complexities and contradictions in the Platonic text on female equality. He makes obvious statements and allusions those women are more cowardly, less trustworthy, innately worse then men. In Book V, he emphasizes that women, as a class are equals to men in capacity, although onRead MorePlatos Ideas About Philosopher Kings Depicted in Republic Essay1698 Words   |  7 PagesIn Platos most famous work Republic he puts forward the view that only the study of philosophy would allow man to see what was good and just. Therefore to cure the ills of society it would be necessary to either make kings philosophers or make philosophers kings. I intend to show how Plato justifies this view and then attempt to point out some possible problems with this justification and to forward my own view that the people should ultima tely be king. Platos starting point was his recognitionRead MoreEssay on Platos Republic Justified1084 Words   |  5 PagesPlatos Republic Justified In Platos Republic, Socrates leads a discussion with his fellow philosophers attempting to isolate the concept of justice in the soul. In order to accomplish this task, they hypothesize that justice can occur both in the city as well as and the soul. Because the philosophers are more familiar with the workings of a city than the soul, they try to find justice by creating the ideal city, or Kallipolis. When they find justice in the ideal city, they are able to applyRead MoreA Summary Of Plato And Aristotle818 Words   |  4 PagesPlato. This paper will provide an in-depth comparison of the potential for women to be rulers in Aristotle’s and Plato’s societies. Secondly, this paper will seek to determine whether or not Aristotle’s and Plato’s ancient views regarding the role of women are relevant in modern day politics. In many of his writings, specifically the Republic, Plato describes what he considers to be the ideal society. Plato contradicts Aristotle’s beliefs because he believes women should hold important positions in politicsRead More Comparing Platos Republic and Gullivers Travels Essay838 Words   |  4 PagesPlatos Republic and Gullivers Travels      Ã‚  Ã‚   In The Republic, Plato attempts to define the ideal state as it relates to the tripartite division of the soul. In this division, wisdom, the rational characteristic of the soul, is the most valuable and important. In the ideal state the ruling class would be the guardians, those who maintain rationality and will operate according to wisdom. Each individual should be put to use for which nature intended them, one to one work, and then every manRead MoreThe Characteristics Of Thomas Mores Utopia913 Words   |  4 Pagesdefined the word as either â€Å"a good place† or â€Å"no place.† In the novel, More described an ideal communal society that was almost unheard of in his time. His â€Å"Utopia,† whose name was possibly derived from the Greek roots â€Å"ou not† and â€Å"tà ³p(os) a place† (â€Å"Utopia), can ultimately be considered a prototype of a modern welfare state (â€Å"Utopia (book)†). This, combined with a lack of private property and other characteristics, provided the backbone for many experimental societies, both fictional and real, sinceRead MorePlato Communism1302 Words   |  6 PagesPLATOS THEORY OF COMMUNISM Plato was born in may/june 428/27 BC in Athens in an aristocratic family . Platos real name was Aristocles.He excelled in the study of music , mathematics ,poetry and rhetoric . Plato met with Socrates in 407 BC and became his desciple . The execution of Socrates proved to be the turning point of Platos life . Plato left Athens and went to many countries , studying mathematics and the historical traditions of the priests . He returned to Athens in 386 BC and established

The Treaty of Versailles - 1684 Words

A. Plan of Investigation The Treaty of Versailles was created to bring peace between nations after WWI. This investigation will answer the following question: To what extent did the Treaty of Versailles bring peace? In this investigation, the extent of the Versailles Treaty’s success will be evaluated by examining the period of its development, 1918, to the rise of Hitler, 1933. Several sources were used in this investigation including a number of books that look at the terms of the Treaty of Versailles and the reactions those terms triggered. Many sources, both primary and secondary, also examine how those reactions resulted in a failure in the attempt of brining permanent peace. Two sources were evaluated for their origins,†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Germany was allowed fifteen days to write their observations of the entire treaty (Clemenceau). †¢ If Germany refused to sign the treaty, the armistice would end and the Allies would invade their country (Watt 447). †¢ Germany was upset because they were not invited to the Peace Conference and had no say in the treaty (Trueman). †¢ According to historian Chris Trueman, anger spread throughout Germany. Many felt they were treated unfairly, especially regarding the â€Å"War Guilt Clause†. The citizens believed they were being punished for the government’s mistakes. The citizens did not declare war; it was the government (Lu). †¢ Brockdorff-Rantzau felt he had no choice but to sign document, even though many Germans did not want to sign the treaty (Watt 395). †¢ On June 28, 1919, the Treaty of Versailles was signed in the Hall of Mirrors by 32 nations (Marks 396). IV. Terms of the treaty that were successfully carried out and failures of the treaty †¢ According to Chris Trueman, the League of Nations was created, land was successfully taken from Germany, their army and navy was reduced, their air force was eliminated. Many parts of the treaty were carried out (Trueman). †¢ Although the League of Nations was created, Germany was initially excluded from the League of Nations, therefore, defeating its purpose of bringing world peace (Trueman). †¢ The reparation demands were reduced in 1921 because Germany was unable to pay whatShow MoreRelatedThe Treaty Of Versailles Treaty1188 Words   |  5 Pagesthe defeat of the Central Powers (German Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, Ottoman Empire, and the Russian Empire) and the signage of the Versailles Treaty. This treaty along with the League of Nations was created to prevent another global crusade from happening again, but failed and led to World War II, which started only twenty years after the Treaty of Versailles was endorsed. And even with end of the Great War, it was evident that the world would never return to how it once was, four years earlierRead MoreThe Treaty Of The Versailles Treaty Essay1604 Words   |  7 Pages1.A) Source A believes that the cause of hostilities in poland were the direct result of British actions. The first issue discussed is the unfavorable terms of the Versailles Treaty. Article A states that germany had tried to change some of the harshes t policies of the Versailles Treaty however, the British government did not cooperate with their efforts. Additionally the article states that it is British intervention in the domestic policies of poland that prevented a peaceful solution from beingRead MoreThe Treaty Of The Versailles Treaty1861 Words   |  8 PagesWhat responsibility did each of the â€Å"Big Three† have for the failure of the Versailles Treaty to bring peace to Europe? Be sure to discuss what each wanted to accomplish. The treaty of the Versailles was an agreement between France, England and the United states. Its intentions were to prevent a second world war however, it was a total fail. An obvious reason for not being effective could be because not everyone was included in the conference such as Russia, and Central Powers. Instead, Prime ministerRead MoreTreaty of Versailles1349 Words   |  6 PagesThe Treaty of Versailles was intended to be a peace agreement between the Allies and the Germans, instead with the harsh end terms for Germany, it created political and economic chaos in Germany. By the end of the First World War, Germany had surrendered and signed a peace agreement. The task of forming a peace agreement was now in the hands of the Allies. In December of 1918, the Allies met in Versailles to start on the peace settlement. The main countries and their representatives were: The UnitedRead More Treaty of Versailles1280 Words   |  6 Pages The end of World War I was finalized by the s igning of the Treaty of Versailles on June 28, 1919. It was signed by Great Britain, France, Italy, and Japan but not the United States, as the U.S. drafted its own treaty with Germany in 1921. Many historians argue that the Treaty of Versailles was the major cause of World War II which occurred twenty years later. On the Treaty’s most superficial level, the extreme punishment and fines that were levied by the Allied Powers on the Germans were causesRead MoreThe Treaty Of Versailles In Germany : The Causes Of The Treaty Of Versailles751 Words   |  4 PagesA treaty that was designed to end all wars actually ended up setting the stage for the worst one that the world has ever seen. The newly formed German democratic government saw the Versailles Treaty as a â€Å"dictated peace† (Diktat). The peace treaty did not ultimately help to settle the international disputes which had initiated World War I; on the contrary, the treaty exposed the underlying issues which had cau sed the war in the first place. Hitler was able to gain a foothold in German society andRead MoreThe Treaty Of Versailles2228 Words   |  9 PagesUpon signing the Treaty of Versailles in June 1919, then British Prime Minister Lloyd George declared: â€Å"We will have to fight another war in 25 years time, and at three times the cost.† This ominous prediction came true as the controversial peace settlement brought no end to conflict in Europe. The Treaty was described by critics as Carthaginian: a peace so brutal it crushes the defeated side. This was the intention of the Allies, who felt a disabled Germany was the best way to preserve peace. ThisRead MoreTreaty of Versailles1324 Words   |  6 PagesTreaty of Versailles Essay One of the most important documents ever, The Treaty of Versailles was proposed to be a peace settlement between the victorious Allies and the defeated Germans at the outcome of World War I. The document was a major disaster and did not serve any of the purposes it was drawn for. The harsh provisions of the treaty along with its unfair orders to Germany led to the worlds most horrific leader come to power and also set the platform for another war. The treaty became aRead MoreThe Treaty of Versailles1055 Words   |  4 PagesIn 1919 at the Paris Peace Conference The Treaty of Versailles was formally drafted and World War I was finally brought to an end. The treaty was drafted by the Allied Powers, which consisted of Great Britain, France and the United States. This treaty blamed the war solely on Germany, and it required them to pay an amount of â€Å"$33 billion dollars in reparations, cede all of colonies, dismantle their air force, and greatly reduce their other military operat ions†(German Delegation, 291). The GermanRead MoreSignificance Of The Treaty Of Versailles1514 Words   |  7 PagesMadison Welzbacher September 19, 2014 World History Significance of the Treaty of Versailles World War I was a devastating war that had a long-lasting effect on every European country. After the assassination of Franz Ferdinand, the heir to the Austrian throne, and his wife by the hands of a Serbian terrorist group known as the Black Hand. Germany urged Austria-Hungary to attack Serbia, but Russia stepped up to protect the country. Germany ambushed Belgium, and proceeded to Russia, throwing Great

Old Man And The Sea Persuasive Essay Example For Students

Old Man And The Sea Persuasive Essay Hemingways Old Man And The Sea Old Man and the Sea This part of the story has to do with Santiago against nature and the sea. In this part of the story, he goes out and fights nature in the form of terrible forces and dangerous creatures, among them, a marlin, sharks and hunger. He starts the story in a small skiff and moves out in a journey to capture a fish after a long losing streak of eighty-four days. Unfortunately his friend must desert him due to this problem and a greater force, his parents. Santiago must go out into the danger alone. For three harsh days and nights he fights a fish of enormous power. This is the second form of nature he must conquer. Earlier in the story, the first part of nature is himself, for which he must fight off his hunger. This is a harsh part of the story. He manages though to get a few bites in the form of flying fish and dolphin of which he would like to have salt on. This part of the story tells of a cold and harsh sea, that is, one that has value and mystery as well as death and danger. It has commercial value as well as the population of life in it. It is dark and treacherous though, and every day there is a challenge. A similar story tells about a tidal pool with life called `Cannery Road. This part of the story has to deal with figures of Christ. It mainly deals with Santiago as being a figure of Christ and other characters as props, that is, characters which carry out the form of biblical themes. On the day before he leaves when he wakes up, Manolin, his helper, comes to his aid with food and drink. Also a point that might be good is that he has had bad luck with his goal for a great period of time and is sure it will work this time. Later, though, when Santiago needs him for the quest he sets out to do, Manolin deserts him, although he may not have wanted to at this time. In the novel Santiago comes upon a force bigger than his skiff, the marlin which misleads him out far past his intended reach. This is where he starts to lose his strength against something which seems a greater force. Santiago has a struggle of three days, which is significent because of the three days in Easter, and continues to fight on though his goal may not aquire anything. This is another idea through which Christ did, a struggle to get a goal done even though it may mean certain destruction to himself. This might accomplish nothing but the satisfaction of doing this and also has great risks. Finally he comes upon a painful experience with his hand which is in great pain and wont move. This is useful in the place where Christ loses his physical self and has less to deal with. On the third day, he recovers himself and returns to his home even though his only remaining treasure was a broken skiff, experience, and a torn up marlin. And in the final conclusion, you can see him dragging the mast of his skiff, a cross-like object, in his hand. This story has a certain sequence of events, first it has a hunter vs. his prey. This hunter does respect th e prey. Throughout the book it has this series of events: encounter, battle, defeat, and respect for the prey. This is Hemmingways `Code of Honor. This part of the novel has to do with relationships between two characters. The first to discuss are Santiago and Manolin, Manolin being the small follower of the old man named Santiago. .u40ca689c7e5cc9f24b13aa64fd7c852f , .u40ca689c7e5cc9f24b13aa64fd7c852f .postImageUrl , .u40ca689c7e5cc9f24b13aa64fd7c852f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u40ca689c7e5cc9f24b13aa64fd7c852f , .u40ca689c7e5cc9f24b13aa64fd7c852f:hover , .u40ca689c7e5cc9f24b13aa64fd7c852f:visited , .u40ca689c7e5cc9f24b13aa64fd7c852f:active { border:0!important; } .u40ca689c7e5cc9f24b13aa64fd7c852f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u40ca689c7e5cc9f24b13aa64fd7c852f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u40ca689c7e5cc9f24b13aa64fd7c852f:active , .u40ca689c7e5cc9f24b13aa64fd7c852f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u40ca689c7e5cc9f24b13aa64fd7c852f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u40ca689c7e5cc9f24b13aa64fd7c852f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u40ca689c7e5cc9f24b13aa64fd7c852f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u40ca689c7e5cc9f24b13aa64fd7c852f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u40ca689c7e5cc9f24b13aa64fd7c852f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u40ca689c7e5cc9f24b13aa64fd7c852f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u40ca689c7e5cc9f24b13aa64fd7c852f .u40ca689c7e5cc9f24b13aa64fd7c852f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u40ca689c7e5cc9f24b13aa64fd7c852f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Prostitution Essay Manolin is a small person that follows Santiago and listens to his wisdom. They treat each other unfriendly though for Manolin calls the Santiago old man and he calls Manolin `boy which seems to be absurd. In that situation I would consider both of them to go see a doctor. The next relationship to talk about would be that between Santiago and the village,

Indian National Congress free essay sample

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Oza| Bone People| Keri Hulme| Book of the Sword| Sir Richard Burton| Borders amp; Boundaries: Women in India’s Partition| Ritu Menon amp; Kamla Bhasin| Born Free| Joy Adamson| Bostaan| Sheikh Saadi| Bread, Beauty and Revolution| Khwaja Ahmed Abbas| Breaking the Silence| Anees Jung| Breakthrough| Gen. Moshe Dayan| Bride for the Sahib and Other Stories| Khushwant Singh| Bridge’s Book of Beauty| Mulk Raj Anand| Bridges of Madison Country| R. J. Waller| Brif History of Time| Stephen Hawking| Brishbikkha| Bankim Chandra Chatterji| Britain’s True History| Prem Bhatia| Broken Wings| Sarojini Naidu| Brothers Karamazhov| Fyodor Dostoevski| Bubble| Mulk Raj Anand| Buddha Charitam| Ashvaghosha| Bunch of Old Letters| Jawaharlal Nehru| Bureaucrazy| M. K. Kaw| Butterfield 8| John O’Hara| By God’s Decree| Kapil Dev| By Love Possessed| James Gould Cozzens| Byzantium| W. B. Yeats| Caesar and Cleopatra| G. B. Shaw| Call the Briefing| Martin Fitzwater| Cancer Ward| Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn| Canterbury Tales| G. Chaucer| Canvass of Life| Sheila Gujral| Caravans| James A. Michener| Cardinal| Henry M. Robinson| Castle| Franz Kafka| Catch-22| Joseph Heller| Catcher in the Rye| J. D. Salinger| Centennial| James Michener| Chance| Joseph Conrad| Chandalika| Rabindranath Tagore| Chemmeen| Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai| Cherry Orchard| Anton Chekhov| Chidambara| Sumitranandan Pant| Chikaveera Rajendra| Masti Venkatesh lyengar| Child Who Never Grew| Pearl S. Buck| Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage| George Byron| Childhood| Maxim Gorky| Children of Gabelawi| Naquib Mahfouz| Children of the Sun| Maxim Gorky| China Passage| J. K. Galbraith| China-Past and Present| Pearl S. Buck| China’s Watergate| Leo Goodstadt| Chinese Betrayal| B. N. Mullick| Chitra| Rabindranath Tagore| Choma’s Drum| K. Shivaram Karanath| Christabel| Samuel Taylor Coleridge| Christmas Tales| Charles Dickens| Chronicle of a Death Foretold| Gabriel Garcia Marquez| Chithirappaavai| P. V. Akilandam| City of Joy| Dominique Lapierre| City of Saints| Sir Richard Burton| Class| Erich Segal| Climate of Treason| Andrew Boyle| Clockwork Orange| Anthony Burgess| Clown| Heinrich Boll| Cocktail Party| T. S. Eliot| Colonel Sun| Kingsley Amis| Comedy of Errors| William Shakespeare| Common Sense| Thomas Paine| Communist Manifesto| Karl Marx| Confessions| J. J. Rousseau| Confessions of a Lover| Mulk Raj Anand| Comus| John Milton| Confessions of an Inquiring Spirit| S. T. Coleridge| Confessions of an English Opium Eater,| Thomas De Quincy| Confidential Clerk| T. S. Eliot| Confrontation with Pakistan| Gen. B. M. Kaul| Conquest of Happiness| Bertrand Russell| Conquest of Self| Mahatma Gandhi| Conservationist| Nadine Gordimer| Continent of Circle| Nirad C. Chaudhuri| Coolie| Mulk Raj Anand| Count of Monte Cristo| Alexander Dumas| Coup| John Updike| Court Dancer| Rabindranath Tagore| Coverly Papers| Joseph Addison| Cranford| Mrs. Gaskell| Creation| Gore Vidal| Crescent Moon| Rabindranath Tagore| Crescent Over Kashmir| Anil Maheshwari| Cricket on the Hearth| Charles Dickens| Crime and Punishment| Fyodor Dostoevsky| Crisis in India| Ronald Segal| Crisis into Chaos| E. M. S. Namboodiripad| Critical Mass| William E. Burrows| Critique of Pure Reason| Immanuel Kant| Crossing in River| Caryl Phillips| Crossing the Sacred Line-Women’s Search for Political Power| Abhilasha amp; Sabina Kidwai| Crossing the Threshold of Hope| Pope John Paul II| Crown and the Loincloth| Chaman Nahal| Crown of Wild Olive| John Ruskin| Cry, My Beloved Country| Alan Patan| Cuckold| Kiran Nagar Kar| Culture and Anarchy| Matthew Arnold| Culture in the Vanity Bag| Nirad C. Chaudhuri| Curtain Raisers| K. Natwar Singh| Damsel in Distress| P. G. Wodehouse| Dancing with the Devil| Rod Barker| Dangerous Plaqce| Daniel Patrick Moynihan| Dangerous Summer| Emest Hemingway| Dangling Man| Saul Bellow| Daniel Deronda| Geroge Eliot| Dark Room| R. K. Narayan| Dark Debts| Karen Hall| Dark Home Coming| Eric Lustbader| Dark Side of Camelot| Seymour Hersh| Darkness at Noon| Arthur Koestler| Das Kapital| Karl Marx| Dashkumar Charitam| Dandi| Daughter of the East| Benazir Bhutto| David Copperfield| Charles Dickens| Day in Shadow| Nayantara Sehgal| Day of the Jackal| Frederick Forsyth| Days of Grace| Arthur Ashe amp; Arnold Rampersad| Days of his Grace| Eyvind Johnson| Days of My Yers| H. P. Nanda| De Profundis| Oscar Wilde| Dean’s December| Saul Bellow| Death and After| Annie Besant| Death Be Not Proud| John Gunther| Death in the Castle| Pearl S. Buck| Death in Venice| Thomas Mann| Death of a City| Amrita Pritam| Death of a Patriot| R. E. Harrington| Death on the Nile| Agatha Christie| Death of a President| William Manchester| Death of a Salesman| Arthur Miller| Death-The Supreme Friend| Kakasaheb Kalelkar| Death Under sail| C. P. Snow| Debacle| Emile Zola| Decameron| Giovannie Boccaccio| Decline and Fall of Indira Gandhi| D. R. Mankekar and Kamala Mankekar| Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire| Edward Gibbon| Decline of the West| O’ Spengler| Democracy Means Bread and Freedom| Piloo Mody| Democracy Redeemed| V. K. Narsimhan| Descent of Man| Charles Darwin| Deserted Village| Oliver Goldsmith| Desperate Remedies| Thomas Hardy| Detective| Arthur Hailey| Devadas| Sarat Chandra Chatterjee| Dharmashastra| Manu| Dialogue with Death| Arthur Koestler| Diana-Her Time Story in Her Own Words| Andrew Martin| Diana-Princess of Wales : A Tribute| Tim Graham| Diana-The Story So Far| Julia Donelli| Diana-The True Story| Andrew Morton| Diana Versus Charles| James Whitaker| Die Blendung| Elias Canetti| Dilemma of Our Time| Harold Joseph Laski| Diplomacy| Henry Kissinger| Diplomacy and Disillustion| George Urbans| Diplomacy in Peace and War| J. N. Kaul| Disappearing Acts| Terry McMillan| Discovery of India| Jawaharlal Nehru| Distant Drums| Manohar Malgonkar| Distant Neighbours| Kuldip Nayar| Divine Comedy| A. Dante| Divine Life| Swami Sivananda| Doctor Faustus| Christopher Marlowe| Doctor’s Dilemma| G. B. Shaw| Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde| Robert Louis Stevensan| Dr. Zhivago| Boris Pasternak| Doll’s House| lbsen| Dolly-The Birth of a Clone| Jina Kolata| Don Juan| George Byron| Don Quixote| Cervantes| Don’t Laugh-We are Police| Bishan Lal Vohra| Double Betrayal| Paula R. Newburg| Double Helix| J. D. Watson| Double Tongue| William Golding| Double Teeth| U. B. Sinclair| Drogon’s Seed| Pearl S. Buck| Dream in Hawaii| Bhabani Bhattacharya| Dram of Fair to Middling Women| Samuel Beckett| Dreams, Roses and Fire| Eyvind Johnson| Drunkard| Emile Zola| Durgesh Nandini| Bankim Chandra Chatterjee| Dynamics of Social Change| Chandra Shekhar| Earth| Emile Zola| Earth in the Balance: Forging a New Common Purpose| Al Gore| Earth Mother| Pupul Jayakar| East of Eden| B. N. Mullick| East West| Salman Rushdie| East Wind| Pearl S. Buck| Economic Planning of India| Ashok Mehta| Economics of Peace and Laughter| John K. Galbraith| Economics of the Third World| S. K. Ray| Education of Public Man| Hubert Humphrey| Edwina and Nehru| Catherine Clement| Egmont| J. W. Von Goethe| Eight Lives| Rajmohan Gandhi| Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard| Thomas Gray| Emile| J. J. Rousseau| Eminent Churchillians| Andrew Roberts| Emma| Jane Austen| Empire of the Soul: Some Journeys in India| Paul William Roberts| Ends and Means| Aldous Huxley| End of a Beautiful Era| Joseph Brodsky| End of an Era| C. S. Pandit| End of History and the Last Man| Francis Fukuyama| End of the Chapter| John Forsyte| Enemies| Maxim Gorky| English August| Upamanyu Chatterjee| Envoy to Nehru| Escott Reid| Erewhon| Samuel Butler| Escape| John Forsyte| Eassay on Life| Samuel Butler| Essays for Poor to the Rich| John Kenneth Galbraith| Essays in Criticism| Matthew Arnold| Essays On Gita| Aurobindo Ghosh| Essays of Elia| Charles Lamb| Estate| Issac Bashevis Singer| Eternal Himalayas| Major H. P. S. Ahluwalia| Eternal India| Indira Gandhi| Eternity| Anwar Shaikh| Ethics| Aristotle| Europa| Time Parks| Eugenie Grandet| Honore de Balzac| Everlasting Man| G. K. Chesterton| Executioner’s Song| Norman Mailer| Exile and the Kingdom| Albert Camus| Expanding Universe| Arthur Stanley Eddington| Eye of the Storm| Patrick White| Eyeless in Gaza| Aldous Huxley| Faces to Everest| Maj. H. P. S. Ahluwalia| Facts are Facts| Khan Abdul Wali Khan| Fairie Queene| Edmund Spencer| Faith amp; Fire: A Way Within| Madhu Tandon| Fall of a Sparrow| Salim Ali| Family Moskat| Issac Bashevis Singer| Family Reunion| T. S. Eliot| Famished Road| Ben Okri| Far From the Madding Crowd| Thomas Hardy| Far Pavilions| M. M. Kaye| Faraway Music| Svetlana Allilueva| Farewell to the Trumpets| James Morris| Farewell to a Ghost| Manoj Das| Farewell to Arms| Ernest Hemingway| Farm House| George Orwell| Fasana-i-Azad| Ratan Nath Sarkar| Fathers and Sons| lvan Turgenev| Faust| J. W. Von Goethe| Faustus| Chirstopher Marlow| Fidelio| L. Beethoven| Fiesta| Ernest Hemingway| Fifth Column| Ernest Hemingway| Fifth Horseman| Larry Collins and Dominique Lapierre| Final Days| Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein| Final Passage| Caryl Phillips| Finding a Voice-Asian Women in Britain| Amrit Wilson| Fine Balance| Rohinton Mistry| Fire Next Time| James Baldwin| Fire Under the Snow: Testimony of a Tibetan Prisoner| Palden Gyatso| First Circle| Alexander Solzhenitsyn| Flags in the Dust| William Faulkner| Flames from the Ashes| P. D. Tandon| Flounder| Gunder Grass| Follywood Flashback| Bunny Reuben| Food, Nutrition and Poverty in India| V. K. R. V. Rao| For the President’s Eyes Only| Christopher Andrew| For Whom the Bell Tolls| Emest Hemingway| Forbidden Sea| Tara Ali Baig| Forsyte Saga| John Galsworthy| Fortynine Days| Amrita Pritam| Franklin’s Tale| Geoffrey Chaucer| Fraternity| John Forsyte| Free Man’s Worship| Bertrand Russell| Freedom at Midnight| Larry Collins and Dominique Lapierre| French Revolution| Thomas Carlyle| Freedom Behind Bars| Sheikh Mohd. Abdullah| Freedom from Fear| Aung San Suu Kyi| French Leave| P. G. Wodehouse| Friend| Samuel Tayelor Coleridge| Friends and Foes| Sheikh Mujibur Rehman| Friends, Not Masters| Ayub Khan| From Hero to Eternity| James Jones| From india to America| S. Chandrashekhar| From Raj to Rajiv| Mark Tully and Zaheer Masani| From Rajpath to Lokpath| Vijaya Raja Scindia| Frozen Assets| P. G. Wodehouse| Full Moon| P. G. Wodehouse| Future of NPT| Savita Pande| Gambler| Fyodor Dostoevsky| Ganadevata| Tara Shankar Bandopadhyaya| Gandhi and Stalin| Louis Fisher| Gardener| Rabindra Nath Tagore| Garrick Year| Margaret Drabble| Gathering Storm| Winston Churchill| Geeta Govind| Jaya Dev| Ghasiram Kotwal| Vijay Tendulkar| Ghosts in the Machine| Arthur Koestler| Girl in Blue| P. G. Wodehouse| Girl On the Boat| P. G. Wodehouse| Gita Rahasya| Bal Gangadhar Tilak| Gitanjali| Rabindra Nath Tagore| Gladiators| Arthur Koestler| Glimpses of Indian Ocean| Z. A. Quasim| Glimpses of World History| Jawaharlal Nehru| Go Down Moses| William Faulkner| Goa| Asif Currimbhoy| God and the Bible| Mattew Arnold| Godan| Munshi Prem Chand| Godfather| Mario Puzo| Godrej: A Hundred Years| B. K. Karanjia| Gold Bat| P. G. Wodehouse| Golden Borough| James Frazer| Golden Gate| Vikram Seth| Golden Threshold| Sarojini Naidu| Gone Away| Dom Moraes| Gone with the Wind| Margaret Mitchell| Good Earth| Pearl S. 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Snow| Handful of Dust| Evelyn Waugh| Happy Death| Albert Camus| Harlot High and Low| Honore de Balzac| Harvest| Majula Padmanabhan| Heart of Darkness| Joseph Conrad| Heavem Has No Favourites| Eric Maria Remarque| Heat and Dust| Ruth Prawer Jhabwala| Heavy Weather| P. G. Wodehouse| Henderson the Rain King| Saul Bellow| Heritage| Anthony West| Hero of Our Times| Richard Hough| Heroes and Hero worship| Thomas Carlyle| Henry Esmond| Thackeray| Heir Apparent| Dr. Karan Singh| Higher than Hope| Fatima Meer| Himalayan Blunder| Brig J. P. Dalvi| Hindu View of Life| Dr. S. Radhakrishnan| History of Hindu Chemistry| Sir. P. C. Ray| Hitopadesh| R. K. Narayan| Hindi Sahitya Aur Samvedna Ka Vikas| R. S. Chaturvedi| Hind Swaraj| M. K. Gandhi| Hindu Civilisation| J. M. Barrie| Hinduism| Nirad C. Choudhury| His Excellency| Emile Zola| History of the English Speaking Peoples| Sir Winston Churchil| Home Comings| C. P. 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Harrison| In Confidence| Anatolyu Dobrynin| In Evil Hour| Gabriel Garcia Marquez| In Light of India| Octavio Paz| In Retrospect-The Tragedy and Lessons of Vietnam| Robert S. McNamara| In Search of Gandhi| Richard Attenborough| In Search of Identity| Anwar el-Sadat| In the Afternoon of Time| Dr. Rupert Snell| In the Bluest Eye| Toni Morrison| In the Light of the Black Sun| Rohit Manchanda| In the Shadow of Pines| Mandeep Rai| India 2020: A Vision for the New Millennium| Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam amp; Dr. Y. S. Rajan| India-A Wounded Civilisation| V. S. Naipaul| India discovered| John Keay| India-Facing the Twenty-First Century| Barbara Crossette| India-From Curzon to Nehru and After| Durga Dass| India-From Midnight to the Millennium| Shashi Tharoor| India-Independence Festival (1947-1997)| Raghu Rai| India in Transition| PRof. Jagdish Bhagwati| India is for Sale| Chitra Subramaniam| India of Our Dreams| M. V. 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Drucker| Mama| Terry McMillan| Man for All Seasons| Robert Bolt| Man of Destiny| George Bernard Shaw| Mandarin| Simon de Beauvoir| Mankind and Mother Earth| Arnold Toynbee| Mansfield Park| Jane Austen| Manviya Sanskriti Ke Rachnatmak Aayam| Prof. Raghuvansh| Many Worlds| K. P. S. Menon| Masters| C. P. Snow| Mati Matal| Gopinath Mohanty| Maurice| E. M. Forster| Mayor of Casterbridge| Thomas Hardy| Meghdoot| Kalidas| Mein Kampf| Adolf Hitler| Memoris of the Second World War| Churchill| Memoris of a Bystander: Life in Diplomacy| lqbal Akhund| Momories of Hope| Charles de Gaulle| Men Who Kepl the Secrets| Thomas Powers| Men Who Killed Gandhi| Manohar Malgonkar| Meri Rehen Meri Manzil| Krishna Puri| Middle March| George Eliot| Middle Ground| Margaret Drabble| Midnight’s Children| Salman Rushdie| Midsummer Night’s Dream| William Shakespeare| Mill on the Floss| George Eliot| Million Mutinies Now| V. S. 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Nihal Singh| My Music, My Love| Ravi Shankar| My Presidential Years| Ramaswamy Venkataraman| My Truth| Indira Gandhi| Mysterious Universe| James Jeans| My Several Worlds| Pearl S. Buck| My Son’s Father| Dom Moraes| My South Block Years| J. N. Dixit| My Struggles| E. K. Nayanar| Myths of sisyphus| Albert Camus| My Prison Diary| J. P Narayan| Naari| Humayun Azad| Nana| Emile Zola| Naganandan| Harsha Vardhana| Naku Thanthi| D. R. Bendre| Nai Duniya Ko Salam amp; Pathor Ki Dewar| Ali Sardar Jafri| Naivedyam (The Offering)| N. Balamani Amma| Naked Came the Stranger| Penelope Ashe| Nacked Face| Sydney Sheldon| Naked Triangle| Balwant Gargi| Napoleon of Notting Hill| G. K. Chesterton| Nature and the Language Politics of India| Robert D. King| Nehru Family and Sikhs| Harbans Singh| Nelson Mandela: A Biography| Martin Meredith| Netaji-Dead or Alive| Samar Guha| Never At Home| Dom Moraes| New Dimensions of Peace| Chester Bowles| New Dimensions of India’s Foreign Policy| Atal Behari Vajpayee| Nice Guys Finish Second| B. K. Nehru| Nicholas Nickelby| Charles Dickens| Night Manager| John le Carre| Nile Basin| Sir Richard Burton| Nine Days Wonder| John Mansfield| Nisheeth| Uma Shankar Joshi| Niti-Sataka| Bhartrihari| Nineteen Eighty-Four| George Orwell| 1999-Victory Without War| Richard Nixon| Nirbashita Narir Kabita| Taslima Nasreen| Non-Violence in Peace and War| M. K. Gandhi| North| Seamus Heanev| Northanger Abbey| Jane Austen| Nothing Like The Sun| Anthony Burgess| No Full stops in India| Mark Tully| Nuclear India| G. G. Mirchandani and P. K. S. Namboodari| Nurturing Development| Ismail Serageldin| Nursery Alice| Lewis Carroll| O’Jerusalem| Larry Collins and Dominique Lepierre| Occasion for Loving| Nadine Gordimer| Odessa File| Frederick Forsyth| Odakkuzal| G. Shankara Kurup| Odyssey| Homer| Of Human Bondage| W. Somerset Maugham| Oh, Le Beaux Jours| Samuel Beckett| Old Curiosity Shop| Charles Dickens| Old Goriot| Honore de Balzac| Old Man and the Sea| Ernest Hemingway| Old Path: white Clouds| Thich Nht Hanh| Oliver’s Story| Erich Segal| Oliver Twist| Erich Segal| Oliver Twist| Charles Dickens| Omeros| Derek Walcott| On History| Eric Hobswan| One Day in the Life of lvan Denisovich| Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn| One-eyed Uncle| Laxmikant Mahapatra| One World to Share| Sridath Ramphal| One the Threshold of Hope| Pope john Paul| One Hundred Years of Solitude| Gabriel Garcia Marquez| One Upmanship| Stephen Potter| One World and India| Arnold Toynbee| One World| Wendell Wilkie| Only One Year| Svetlana| Operation Bluestar-the True Story| Lt-Gen. K. S. Brar| Operation Shylock| Philip Roth| Origin of Species| Charles Darwin| Oru Desathinte Katha| S. K. Pottekatt| Other Side of Midnight| Sydney Sheldon| Othello| Shakespeare| Our Films, Their Films| Satyajit Ray| Our India| Minoo Masani| Out of Dust| F. D. Karaka| Paddy Clarke Ha, Ha, Ha| Reddy Doyle| Padmavati| Malik Mohammed Jayasi| Painted Veil| W. Somerset Maugham| Painter of Signs| R. K. Narayan| Pair of Blue Eyes| Thomas Hardy| Pakistan in the 20th Century Political History| Lawrence Ziring| Pakistan Crisis| David Loshak| Pakistan Papers| Mani Shankar Aiyer| Pakistan-The Gathering Storm| Benazir Bhutto| Panchagram| Tarashankar Bandopadhyaya| Panchtantra| Vishnu Sharma| Paradise Lost| John Milton| Pakistan Cut to Size| D. R. Mankekar| Paradiso| Alighieri Dante| Paradise Regained| John Milton| Passage to England| Nirad C. Chaudhuri| Passage to India| E. M. Forster| Past and Present| Thomas Carlyle| | | Past Forward| G. R. Narayanan| Pather Panchali| Bibhuti Bhushan Bandyopadhyaya| Path to Power| Margaret Thatcher| Patriot| Pearl S. Buck| Pavilion of Women| Pearl S. Buck| Peculiar Music| Emily Bronte| Peter Pan| J. M. Barrie| Personal of Democracy| P. C. Alexander| Personal Adventure| Theodore H. White| Persuasion| Jane Austen| Pickwick Papers| Charles Dickens| Pilgrim’s Progress| John Bunyan| Pillow Problems and the Tangled Tale| Lewis Carroll| Pinjar| Amrita Pritam| Plague| Albert Camus| Plans for Departure| Nayantara Sehgal| Pleading Guilty| Scott Turow| Poison Belt| Sir Arthur Conan Doyle| Politics| Aristotle| Portrait of India| Ved Mehta| Possessed| Albert Camus| Post Office| Rabindranath Tagore| Power and Glory| Graham Greene| Power of Movement in Plants| Charles Darwin| Power That Be| David Halberstan| Prathama Pratishruti| Ashapurna Devi| Prem Pachisi| Prem Chand| Prelude| William Wordsworth| Premonitions| P. N. Haksar| Preparing for the Twentieth Century| Paul Kennedy| Price of Partition| Rafiq Zakaria| Price of Power-Kissinger in the Nixon White House| Seymour M. Hersh| Princess in Love| Ann Pasternak| Prison and Chocolate Cake| Nayantara Sehgal| Prison Diary| Jayaprakash Narayan| Prisoner of Zenda| Anthony Hope| Prisoner’s Scrapbook| L. K. Advani| Primary Colors| Anonymous| Prince| Machiavelli| Prithviraj Raso| Chand Bardai| Pride and Prejudice| Jane Austen| Principia| Isaac Newton| Professor| Charlotte Bronte| Profiles amp; Letters| K. Natwar Singh| Promises to Keep| Chester Bowles| Punjab, The Knights of Falsehood| K. P. S. Gill| Purgatory| Alighieri Dante| Pyramids of Sacrifice| Peter L. Berger| Pygmation| G. B. Shaw| Quarantene| Jim Crass| Quest for Conscience| Madhu Dandavate| R Documents| Irving Wallace| Rabbit, Run| John Updike| Radharani| Bankim Chandra Chatterjee| Rage of Angels| Sydney Sheldon| Ragtime| E. L. Doctorow| Raghuvamsa| Kalidas| Rajtarangini| Kalhana| Ram Charit Manas| Tulsidas| Ramayana| Maharishi Valmiki (in Sanskrit)| Ramayana Dharshanam| K. V. Puttappa| Rangbhoomi| Prem Chand| Rains Came| Louis Bromefield| Rain King| Saul Bellow| Rainbow| Pearl S. Buck| Raj : The Making amp; Unmaking of British India| Lawrence James| Rang-e-Shairi| Raghupati Sahai ‘Firaq’ Gorakhpuri| Rape of the Lock| Alexander Pope| Rape of Nanking: An undeniable History of Photographs| Shi Young| Rape of Bangladesh| Anthony Mascarenhas| Rare Glimpses of the Raj| Pran Nevile| Ratnavali| Harsha Vardhan| Ravi Paar (Across the Ravi)| Gulzar| Razor’s Edge| Somerset Maugham| Rebel| Albert Camus| Rebirth| Leonid Brezhnev| Red and Black| Stendhal| Red Star Over China| Edgar Snow| Red Wheel| Alexander Solzhenitsyn| Rediscovering Gandhi| Yogesh Chadha| Reflections on the Frence Revolution| Edmund Burke| Red Badge of Courage| Stephen Crane| Remembering Babylon| David Malouf| Reminiscences| Thomas Carlyle| Reminiscences| Thomas Carlyle| Reminiscences of the Nehru Age| M. O. Mathai| Rendezvous with Rama| Arthur C. Clark| Reprieve| Jean Paul Sartre| Republic| Plato| Rescue| Joseph Conrad| Resurrection| Leo Tolstoy| Return of the Aryans| Bhagwan S. 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Douglas| Robinson Crusoe| Daniel Defoe| Romeo and Juliet| William Shakespeare| Room at the Top| John Braine Roots| Rubaiyat-i-Omar Khayyam| Edward Fitzgerald| Rukh Te Rishi| Harbhajan Singh| Sader-i-Riyasat| Karan Singh| Sardar Patel and Indian Muslims| Rafiq Zakaria| Sakharam Binder| Vijay Tendulkar| Saket| Maithili Sharan Gupta| Satyartha Prakash| Swami Dayanand| Smaler’s Planet| Saul Bellow| Sanctuary| William Faulkner| Sands of Time| Sidney Sheldon| Santa Evita| Tomas Eloymartinez| Satanic Verses| Salman Rushdie| Savitri| Aurobindo Ghosh| Scarlet Letter| Nathaniel Hawthorne| Scarlet Pimpernel| Baroness Orczy| Scenes from a Writer’s Life| Ruskin Bond| Sceptred Flute| Sarojini Naidu| Schindlr’s List| Thomas Keneally| Scholar Extraordinary| Nirad C. Chaudhuri| School for Scandal| R. B. Sheridan| Scope of Happiness| Vijayalakshmi Pandit| Search for Home| Sasthi Brata| Second World War| Winston Churchill| Secret Agent| Joseph Conrad| Sense of Time| S. H. Vatsyayan| Sesame and Lilies| John Ruskin| Seven Lamps of Architecture| John Ruskin| Seven Summers| Mulk Raj Anand| Tale of a Tub| Jonathan Swift| Tale of Two Cities| Charles Dickens| Tales from Shakespeare| Charles Lamb| Tales of Sherlock Holmes| Sir Arthur Conan Doyle| Talisman| Sir Walter Scott| Tamas| Bhisham Sahni| Tar Baby| Toni Morrison| Tarkash| Javed Akhtar| Tarzan of the Apes| Edgar Rice Burroughs| Tehriq-e-Mujahideen| Dr. Sadiq Hussain| Temple Tiger| Jim Corbett| Tess of D’Urbervilles| Thomas Hardy| Thank You, Jeeves| P. G. Wodehouse| The Age of Extremes| Eric Holsbawm| The Assassination| K. Mohandas| The Agenda-Indide the Clinton White House| Bob Woodward| The Agony and Ecstasy| Irving Stone| The Best and the Brightest| David Malberstam| The Beach Tree| Pearl S. Buck| The Betrayal of East Pakistan| Lt. Gen. A. A. K. Niazi| The Calcutta Chromosome| Amitav Ghosh| The Career amp; Legend of Vasco de Gama| Sanjay Subramanyam| The Commitments| Roddy Doyle| The Cardinal| Henry Morton Robinson| The Changing World of Executive| Peter Drucker| The Chinese Betrayal| B. N. Mullick| The Congress Splits| R. P. Rao| The Dark Side of Camelot| Seymore Hersh| The Defeat or Distant Drumbeats| Bhaskar Roy| The Diplomatic Bag| John Ure| Ugly Duckling| H. C. Anderson| Ulysses| James Joyce| Uncle Tom’s Cabin| Mrs. Hariet Stowe| Unconsoled| Kazuo Ishiguro| Under Western Eye| Joseph Conrad| Unhappy India| Lala Lajpat Rai| Universe Around Us| James Jeans| Until Darkness| Parvin Ghaffari| Utouchable| Mulk Raj Anand| Upturned Soil| Mikhail Sholokov| Urvashi| Ramdhari Singh ‘Dinkar’| Uttar Ramcharita| Bhava Bhuti| Utopia| Thomas More| Unto This Last| John Ruskin| Untold Story| Gen. B. M. Kaul| Valley of Dolls| Jacqueline Susanne| Vanity Fair| Thackeray| Vendor of Sweets| R. K. Narayan| Venisamhara| Narayana Bhatt| Very Old Bones| William Kennedy| Victim| Saul Bellow| Victory| Joseph Conrad| Video Nights in Kathmandu| Pico Lyer| View from Delhi| Chester Bowles| View from the UN| U Thant| Vikram and the Vampire| Sir Richard Burton| Village by the Sea| Anita Desai| Village| Mulk Raj Anand| Vinay Patrika| Tulsidas| Virangana| Maithili Sharan Gupta| Virginians| William Thackeray| Vish Vriksha| Bankim Chandra Chatterjee| Voice of Conscience| V. V. Giri| Voice of Freedom| Nayantara Sehgal| Voice of the Voiceless| Rutsh Harring| Waiting for Godot| Samuel Becket| Waiting for the Mahatma| R. K. Narayan| Waiting to Exhale| Terry McMillan| Wake up India| Annie Besant| Walls of Glass| K. A. Abbas| War and Peace| Tolstoy| War and No Peace Over Kashmir| Maroof Raza| War Minus the Shooting| Mike Marquesee| War of Indian Independence| Vir Savarkar| War of the Worlds| H. G. Wells| Waste Land| T. S. Eliot| Way of the World| William Congreve| We, Indians| Khushwant Singh| We, the People| N. A. Palkhivala| Wealth of Nations| Adam Smith| Week with Gandhi| Louis Fischer| West Wind| Pearl S. Buck| Westward Ho| Charles Kingsley| Where the Grass is Greener| David M. Smith| While England Sleeps| David Leavitt| Whispers of the Desert| Fatima Bhutto| White House Years| Henry Kissinger| Widening Divide| Rafiq Zakaria| Wild Ass’s Skin| Honore de Balzac| Wings of fire, an Autobiography| Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam amp; A. Tiwari| Winston Churchill| Clive Ponting| Witness to History| Prem Bhatia| Without Fear or Favour| Neelam Sanjiva Reddy| Witness to an Era| Frank Moraes| Woman’s Life| Guy de Maupassant| Women and Men in My Life| Khushwant Singh| Wonder That Was India| A. L. Basham| World According to Garp| John Irving| World Within Words| Stephen Spender| Worthy it is| Odysseus Elytis| Worshipping False Gods| Arun Shourie| Wreck| Rabindra Nath Tagore| Wuthering Heights| Emily Bronte| Yajnaseni| Dr. Pratibha Roy| Yama| Mahadevi Verma| Yashodhara| Maithili Sharan Gupta| Yayati| V. S. Khandekar| Year of the Upheaval| Henry Kissinger| Year of the Vulture| Amita Malik| Years of Pilgrimage| Dr. Raja Ramanna| Yesterday and Today| K. P. S. Menon| Zool: The Final Odyssey| Arthur C. Clarke| Zhivago,Dr. | Boris Pasternak| Zlata’s Diary-A Child’s| Zlata Filipovic Life in Sarajero| Zulfi, My Friend| Piloo Mody| Zulfikar Ali Bhutto amp; Pakistan| Rafi Raza| Books| Authors| A Bend in the river| V. S. Naipaul| A Brush with Life| Satish Gujral| A Conceptual Encyclopaedia of Guru Granth Sahib| S. S. Kohli| A Foreign Policy for India| I. K. Gujral| A Fortune Teller Told Me| Tiziano Terzani| A Gender Lens on Social Psychology| Judith A Howard and Jocelyn A. Hollander| A General and His Army| Georgy Vladimov| A Himalayan Love Story| Namita Gokhale| A Last Leap South| Vladimir Zhirinovsky| A Nation Flawed-Lesson from Indian History| P. N. Chopra| A Peep into the Past| Vasant Navrekar| A Possible India| Partha Chatterjee| A Psychoanalysis of the Prophets| Abdulla Kamal| A Reveolutionary Life| Laxmi Sehgal| A Secular Agenda| Arun Shourie| A Simple Path| Lucinda Vardey| A Suitable Boy| Vikram Seth| A Tale of Two Gardens| Octavio Paz| A Tribute to People’s Princess: Diana| Peter Donelli| A Tryst With Destiny| Stanley Wolfer| Abbot| Walter Scott| Absalom, Absalom| William Faulkner| Absalom and Achitophel| John Dryden| Acoession to Extinction| D. R. Mankekar| Across Borders, Fifty-years of India’s Foreign Policy| J. N. Dixit| Adam Bede| George Eliot| Adhe Adhure| Mohan Rakesh| Adonis| P. B. Shelley| Adrain Mole-The Wilderness Years| Sue Townsend| Adventures of Huckleberry Finn| Mark Twain| Adventures of Robinson Crusoe| Daniel Defoe| Adventures of Sally| P. G. Wodehouse| Adventures of Sherlock Holmes| Sir Arthur Conan Doyle| Adventures of Tom Sawyer| Mark Twain| Adversary in the House| lrving Stone| Advice and Consent| Allen Drury| Aeneid| Virgil| Affairs| C. P. Snow| Affluent Society| J. K. Galbraith| Afghanistan: Mullah, Marx and Mujahid| R. H. Magnus amp; Eden Naby| Africa’s Challenge to America| Chester Bowles| After All These Years| Susan Issacs| After the Dark Night| S. M. Ali| Against the Grain| Boris Yeltsin| Age of Reason| Jean Paul Sartre| Agni Pariksha| Acharya Tulsi| Agni Veena| Kazi Nazrul Islam| Agony and the Ecstasy| Irving Stone| Ain-i-Akbari| Abul Fazal| Airport| Arthur Hailey| Ajatshatru| Jai Shankar Prasad| Akbarnama| Abul Fazal| Alaska Unbound| James Michener| Alchemist| Ben Johnson| Alexander Quartet| Lawrence Durrel| Alexander the Great| John Gunther| Alice in Wonderland| Lewis Carroll| Alien Nation| Peter Brimelow| All for Love| John Dryden| All is Well that Ends Well| William Shakespeare| All Quiet on the Western Front| Erich Maria Remarque| All the King’s Men| Robert Penn Warren| All the President’s Men| Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward| All things Bright and Beautiful| James Herroit| All Under Heaven| Pearl S. Buck| Along the Road| Aldous Huxley| Altered States| Anita Brookner| Amar Kosh| Amar Singh| Ambassador’s Journal| J. K. Galbraith| Ambassador’s Report| Chester Bowles| Amelia| Henry Fielding| American Capitalism| J. K. Galbraith| An American Dilemma| Gunnar Myrdal| An American Tragedy| Theodore Dreiser| An Apology for Idlers| Robert Louis Stevenson| An Autobiography| Jawaharlal Nehru| An Eye to China| David Selbourne| An idealist View of Life| Dr. S. Radhakrishnan| Anandmath| Bankim Chandra Chatterjee| Anatomy of a Flawed inheritance| J. N. Dixit| Ancient Evenings| Norman Mailer| Ancient Mariner| Samuel Taylor Coleridge| And Quiet Flows the Don| Mikhali Sholokhov| And Through the Looking Glass| Lewis Carroll| Androcles and the Lion| George Bernard Shaw| Angry Letters| Willem Doevenduin| Anguish of Deprived| Lakshmidhar Mishra| Animal Farm| George Orwell| Anna Karenina| Count Leo Tolstoy| Another Life| Derek Walcott| Answer to History| Mohammad Reza Pahlavi| Antic Hay| Aldous Huxley| Antony and Cleopatra| William Shakespeare| Ape and Essence| Aldous Huxley| Apple Cart| George Bernad Shaw| Arabian Nights| Sir Richard Burton| Area of Darkness| V. S. Naipaul| Arion and the Dolphin| Vikram Seth| Arms and the Man| George Bernard Shaw| Around the World in Eighty Days| Jules verne| Arrangement| Elia Kazan| Arrival and Departure| Arthur Koestler| Arrow in the Blue| Arthur Koestler| Arrow of Good| Joseph Conrad| Arrowsmith| Sinclair Lewis| Arthashastra| Kautilya| As I Lay Dying| William Faulkner| As You Like It| William Shakespeare| Ascent of the Everest| Sir John Hunt| Ashtadhyayi| Panini| Asia and Western Dominance| K. M. Panikkar| Asian Drama| Gunnar Myrdal| Aspects of the Novel| E. M. Forster| Assassination of a Prime Minister| S. Anandram| Assignment Colombo| J. N. Dixit| Assignment India| Christopher Thomas| Athenian Constitution| Aristotle| Atoms of Hope| Mohan Sundara Rajan| August 1914| Alexander Solzhenitsyn| August Coup| Mikhali S. Gorbachev| Author’s Farce| Henry Fielding| Autobiography of an Unknown Indian| Nirad C. Chaudhuri| Autumn Leaves| O. Pulla Reddi| Avanti Sundari| Dandin| Babbit| Sinclair Lewis| Baburnama| Babur| Baby and Child| Penelope Leach| Back to Methuselah| G. B. Shaw| Backward Place| Ruth Prawer Jhabwala| Bandicoot Run| Manohar Malgonkar| Bang-i-Dara| Mohammad lqbal| Bangla Desh-The Unifinished Revolution| Lawrence Lifschultz| Banyan Tree| Hugh Tinker| Beach Boy| Ardesher Vakil| Beast and Man| Murry Midgley| Beating the Street| Peter Lynch| Beginning of the Beginning| Acharya Rajneesh| Beloved| Toni Morrison| Ben Hur| Lewis Wallace| Bend in the Ganges| Manohar Malgonkar| Bermuda Triangle| Charles Berlitz| Berry Patches| Yevgeny Yevtushenko| Best and the Brightest| David Halberstan| Betrayal of Pearl Harbour| James Rusbridger and Eric Nave| Between Hope and History| Bill Clinton| Between Hope and History| Bill Clinton| Between the Lines| Kuldip Nayar| Bewildered India-Identity, Pluralism, Discord| Rasheedud-din Khan| Beyond Boundaries: A Memoire| Swaraj Paul| Beyond the Horizon| Eugene O’Neill| Beyond Modernisation, Beyond Self| Sisir Kumar Ghose| Beyond Peace| Richard Nixon| Bhagwat Gita| Veda Vyas| Bharal Aur Europe| Nirmal Verma| Bharat Bharati| Maithili Sharan Gupta| Bharaitya Parampara Ke Mool Swar| Govind Chandra Pande| Big Fisherman| Lloyd C. Douglas| Big Money| P. G. Wodehouse| Bill the Conqueror| P. G. Wodehouse| Billy| Albert French| Biographia Literaria| Samuel Taylor coleridge| Birds and Beasts| Mark Twain| Birth and Death of The Sun| George Gamow| Birth and Evolution of the soul| Annie Besant| Birth of Europe| Robert, S. Lopez| Bisarjan| R. N. Tagore| Bitter Sweet| Noel Coward| Black Arrow| Robert Louis Stevenson| Black Diaspora| Ronald Segal| Black Holes and Baby Universes| Stephen Hawking| Black Sheep| Honore de Balzac| Black Tulip| Alexander Dumas| Bleak House| Charles Dickens| Blind Ambitions| John Dean| Blind Beauty| Boris Pasternak| Blind Men of Hindoostan-indo-Pak Nuclear War| Gen. Krishnaswamy Sundarji| Bliss was it in that Dawn| Minoo Masani| Bloodline| Sidney Sheldon| Blood Sport| James Stewart| Blue Bird| Maurice Macterlink| Bofors: The Ambassador’s Evidence| B. M. Oza| Bone People| Keri Hulme| Book of the Sword| Sir Richard Burton| Borders amp; Boundaries: Women in India’s Partition| Ritu Menon amp; Kamla Bhasin| Born Free| Joy Adamson| Bostaan| Sheikh Saadi| Bread, Beauty and Revolution| Khwaja Ahmed Abbas| Breaking the Silence| Anees Jung| Breakthrough| Gen. Moshe Dayan| Bride for the Sahib and Other Stories| Khushwant Singh| Bridge’s Book of Beauty| Mulk Raj Anand| Bridges of Madison Country| R. J. Waller| Brif History of Time| Stephen Hawking| Brishbikkha| Bankim Chandra Chatterji| Britain’s True History| Prem Bhatia| Broken Wings| Sarojini Naidu| Brothers Karamazhov| Fyodor Dostoevski| Bubble| Mulk Raj Anand| Buddha Charitam| Ashvaghosha| Bunch of Old Letters| Jawaharlal Nehru|

Kenyas Rose Imports to Holland Essay Example

Kenyas Rose Imports to Holland Essay International Management 2011 Group 7 5 March 2011 Hereby, we declare that this work submitted is our own work, and that it has not been previously submitted on any other course at another institution. Name| Student Number| Date| Signature| Govert van Drimmelen| 9408596| | | Frans Jacobs| 210234993| | | Francois Viljoen| 201245922| | | Frances Roets| 97082154| | | Kaashni Pillay| 210234870| | | Marisa Da Silva Valga| 98011161| | | Mbhavi Raedani| 99026820| | | Sarel Venter| 201194601| | | Stephanie du Preez| 209315211| | | Table of Contents Background on Kenya5 Brief Overview of the business Environment5 The Kenyan Economy:6 Kenya Trade, Exports and Imports9 Kenya Trade: Exports9 Kenya Trade: Imports9 Flower growing in Kenya10 Why is Kenya so successful with flower growing? 10 Threats:10 The Future Prospects and Trends of the Flower Industry in Kenya11 Background on The Netherlands (Holland)12 Background and Market Information12 Flower Industry Background13 The Dutch Flower Auction Concept14 Some Lessons the Auctioneers Learned16 FloraHolland17 Our Current Situation20 De Roos Florist – Amsterdam Sloten20 Supply Chain Diversification22 Definition: Supply chain diversification22 Advantages of diversification22 More emphasis on value chain innovation22 A stronger focus on cost reduction22 Increasing sales to present customers23 Building new or more flexible competition23 Disadvantages23 Supply Chain Decisions24 1. Location Decisions:24 2. Production Decisions24 3. Inventory Decisions27 4. Transportation Decisions27 Growers28 Roses29 Inventory Rules31 Types of inventory33 Supply Chain for Import34 Export and Import Regulations and Taxes36 Duties and VAT36 Customs Entries36 Payment36 Currency36 Open Account (OA)37 Documentary Letter of Credit (LC)37 Terms of Delivery37 Import Duties37 Import Taxes38 Import Regulations of the Netherlands on Plant Health38 Points of entry38 We will write a custom essay sample on Kenyas Rose Imports to Holland specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Kenyas Rose Imports to Holland specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Kenyas Rose Imports to Holland specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer List of importers and Approved places of inspection38 Import Declaration Form (IDF)39 Quality Inspection39 Customs Import Entry39 Special Permits/Certificates40 The role of the exporters40 Distribution and Transportation Process42 The Cool Chain43 CONCLUSION51 References:53 Background on Kenya Brief Overview of the business Environment Located in East Africa, Kenya lies on the Equator bordered by Somalia, Ethiopia, Sudan, Uganda, Tanzania and the Indian Ocean. It covers an area of some 592,909 sq. km and has a population of approximately 30 million people. Much of the country, especially in the north and east, is arid or semi-arid. Kenya is essentially an agricultural economy mainly dealing in horticulture and crops like coffee and tea. The country has been politically stable since it gained its independence in 1963, and the recent peaceful transition of power to the new administration has been widely praised as an impressive example of African democracy in action. The landslide victory of President Mwai Kibaki and the National Rainbow Coalition (NARC) in presidential and legislative elections in December 2002 marked the beginning of a new political era by ending almost four decades of one-party rule. The new administration has embarked on policies that focus on economic development, building up the country’s infrastructure and generating employment. The peaceful transition in 2002 demonstrated Kenya’s stability and political maturity. Further, a number of organizations and governments have based their regional headquarters in Nairobi. Moves to liberalize the economy taken over the last ten years have laid the groundwork for an investment-friendly environment in Kenya. The economic recovery strategy is targeted to achieve an 8% growth rate and industrial status for Kenya by 2025, creating 500,000 jobs a year in the process. The Central Bank of Kenya has pledged to pursue â€Å"a stable monetary policy, which accommodates the highest economic growth rate possible†, while keeping inflation low and stable. Kenya is an important player in East Africa. Strategically placed, with a major port, Mombasa, and well-developed financial markets, the country has the makings of a regional services hub in banking, information and transportation (Kenya Business Environment report, June 2005). The Kenyan Economy: National or Regional Currency: Kenyan Shilling, KES Population: 39. 8 million Area: total: 580,367 sq km Capital: name: Nairobi The regional hub for trade (imports and exports) and finance in East Africa, Kenya has been hampered by corruption (including cronyism and nepotism) and by reliance upon several primary favourables whose prices or pricing have remained depressed. In 1997, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) suspended Kenyas Enhanced Structural Adjustment Program due to the states failure to sustain reform and curb corruption (including cronyism and nepotism). A severe drought from 1999 to 2000 compounded Kenyas problems, causing water and energy rationing and reducing agricultural, agrarian, fisheries and farming output. As a result, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) contracted by 0. 2 per cent in 2000. The International Monetary Fund (IMF), which had resumed loans in 2000 to aid Kenya through the drought, again halted lending in 2001 when the state failed to institute several anticorruption (including cronyism and nepotism) measures. Despite the return of strong rains in 2001, weak commodity prices or pricing, endemic corruption (including cronyism and nepotism), and depressed investment put a ceiling on Kenyas growth of the economy to 1. 2 per cent. Growth lagged at 1. 1 per cent in 2002 because of erratic rains, depressed investor confidence, meager donor support, and political infighting up to the elections. In the key December 2002 elections, Daniel Arap MOIs 24-year-old reign ended, and a new opposition government took on the formidable economic problems facing the country. After some early progress in eliminating corruption (including cronyism and nepotism) and encouraging donor support, the KIBAKI government was rocked by high-level graft scandals in 2005 and 2006. In 2006 the World Bank (WB) and International Monetary Fund (IMF) delayed loans pending action by the state on corruption (including cronyism and nepotism). The international financial institutions and donors have since resumed lending, despite little action on the states part to deal with corruption (including cronyism and nepotism). Post-election violence in early 2008, coupled with the knock-on effects of the global economic downturn on remittance and exports, reduction of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth to 2. 2 per cent in 2008, down from 7 per cent the previous year. Country Forecast Overview (3 Years) Key Indicators| 2010| 2011| 2012| Real GDP Growth (%)| 2. 30| 2. 70| 3. 10| Consumer Price Inflation (av;%)| 3. 96| 5. 80| 5. 50| Budget Balance (% of GDP)| -7. 00| -6. 50| -6. 20| Current-Account Balance (% of GDP)| -9. 20| -8. 40| -6. 80| Exchange Rate US$:Euro (av)| 79. 17| 81. 79| 83. 50| Exchange Rate US$:Euro(year-end)| 80. 75| 82. 40| 84. 00| Source: Country Forecast Kenya May 2010 Year| GDP in Billions of USD PPP| % GDP Growth| 2006| 53. 75| 3. 56| 2007| 59. 26| 4. 31| 2008| 61. 58| -0. 96| 2009| 63. 79| 0. 00| 2010| 67. 36| 2. 30| Source: EIU Country Data Kenya: risk assessment Risk| February 2011| Sovereign risk| B| Currency risk| B| Banking sector risk| CCC| Political risk| CC| Economic structure risk| CC| Source: Kenya: Country risk summary (Kenya Country Snapshot, 2011) The performance of the Kenyan economy in 2009 was severely affected by three adverse shocks. First, the second-round effects of the global economic downturn depressed Kenya’s main export markets. Second, the erratic, delayed and shorter rainfall had a negative impact on the agricultural and power sectors. Third, the prolonged effects of the 2008 post-election violence depressed investor confidence and had adverse effects on the whole Kenyan conomy and population. As a result, the Kenyan economy is expected to have grown by 2. 5% in 2009. In spite of the slump of international capital markets, Kenya demonstrated the depth and liquidity of its domestic capital market by successfully floating two infrastructure bonds in 2009. The 2010 outlook for the Kenyan economy is more positive. First, Kenya’s exports are likely to benefit from the expected recovery in world economic growth and the increase in prices for some of Kenya’s main exports recorded in early 2010. Second, the impact of the 2009 fiscal stimulus, implemented by the government in late 2009, will be felt throughout 2010. Public and private investments are also expected to increase in 2010. As a result, the Kenyan economy is expected to grow by 3. 6% in 2010. Risks to a robust recovery in 2010 remain significant, however. Given the importance of agriculture to gross domestic product (GDP) and employment, any delay in the long or short rainy season will have severe economic and social consequences. Progress on improving institutional transparency is also critical for all Kenyan stakeholders to be confidently engaged. Particular attention needs to be paid to issues arising from the evictions and relocations of those who had settled in the Mau Forest, Kenya’s main water catchment area. Similarly, the International Criminal Court’s progress in investigating Kenya’s post-election violence, as well as efforts to have the constitution put to a referendum in 2010, will be closely watched. (African economic outlook, 2011) Kenya Trade, Exports and Imports Kenya is largely a trade deficit country. The negative balance of trade occurs because the countrys exports are vulnerable to both international prices and the weather conditions. Since independence, Kenya has enjoyed close international relations, particularly with the western countries. It is also a member of several regional trade blocs, such as the COMESA (Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa) and the EAC (East African Community). These blocs are key components of Kenya’s trade volumes. Kenya Trade: Exports Agricultural productivity is central to Kenyas export industry. More than 75% of the population is engaged in agriculture and allied activities, which contribute almost 25% to the national production. Horticultural produce and ea are the major items of export for Kenya. In 2006, the combined share of these two products was 10 times higher than the share of the other export items. The country has subsistence petroleum production, which is consumed internally and exported to neighboring countries. Kenya has signed an MoU (Memorandum of Understanding) with China regarding oil exploration in the country. Till January 2010, no oil was found. Apart from horticulture and tea, other major items of export are flowers, coffee, fish and cement. In 2009, Kenya’s exports grossed over US$4. 9 billion. The UK is the largest export partner of Kenya, accounting for more than 10% of the total export volumes. It is followed by the Netherlands, Uganda, Tanzania, the US and Pakistan. Kenya Trade: Imports Kenya’s imports include machinery, transport equipments, motor vehicles, metals, plastics and electrical equipments. India and the UAE are the largest import partners for Kenya. In 2009, both countries accounted for more than 11% of the total import volume. Other major import partner countries are China, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Japan and the US. Flower growing in Kenya Kenya’s horticulture sector currently ranks as one of the economy’s fastest growing industries, the third largest foreign exchange earner after tourism and tea. This has been reflected in year on year expansion on fruit, vegetable and flower exports. The industry exported 117,713 tons of flowers in 2009. Major export market is Europe where Kenya commands a 38% of the market share. Roses account for 70% of Kenya’s flower exports. 97% of flower exports is by large scaled companies mostly owned by foreigners. (Mtiambo, S. 2008). Why is Kenya so successful with flower growing? Excellent Climate: Although Kenya is located at the equator, considerable differences in altitude allow for a great variety of climatic conditions from the hot coastal plain up to the cool highlands. * Workforce of hard working, educated men and women * Reasonable infrastructure * Good investment by local and foreign investors * The capital city, Nairobi is the main transport hub and served by mainly airlines, thereby allowing for easy transportation to other countries. * Maintenance of high standards by Compliance to Codes of Practice, traceability, due diligence and ethical trading. Threats: Rising competition due to the emergence of other exported, e. g. China, who has emerged as a giant in the Asian block and is a large producer and exporter of floriculture products in Asia (Karabo et. Al, 2010). * The strong shilling, which has eroded Kenya’s market share in flowers over the past few years. * Pressure from environmental activitists relating to the carbon miles, where the longer a flower travels, the more it contributes to pollution via carbon emission. * Pest and weed control, which is very expensive and has environmental and safety implications. * Natural disasters – e. g. Volcanic ash and adverse winter conditions in 2010. S. Mbatiah, 2011). * Requirements of large buyers for quality, reliability of delivery and product differentiation. * Increasing c oncentration at various points in the value chain raises issues about access for small producers and the returns they might get. * Dominance by large scale producers, which leaves not much benefit for those at the bottom of the pyramid. (Mtiambo, S. , 2008). The Future Prospects and Trends of the Flower Industry in Kenya The new trend shows the cost of production is increasing while the overall consumption is declining. Therefore, there is need to shift more attention to consumption oriented approaches. Quality, cost and diversity of products will be determinants for survival in the industry. Consumer demand for fair traded flowers shall take a front stage. Good production practices, competitive advantages and strategic behavior will determine the sustainability of the industry. Modern distribution will dominate the market with new business drivers. Different product concepts and positioning (flowers and plants arrangements) that will satisfy the increasing consumer demand for variation in personal gifts and taste will account for a significant percentage of the turnover of the flower market. Kenya will continue to dominate production in Africa because of the favorable investment policy for the flower industry, the production conditions and the improved infrastructure. It will remain a net exporter of flower products. Like China, it should focus on research so as to improve on its local varieties, strive to develop the home market, be innovative and become a self-bearing industry. In conclusion, Kenya is a very promising country to diversify the Input supply portion of the value chain. (Karabo et. Al, 2011) Background on The Netherlands (Holland) Background and Market Information Holland is located in Europe. Germany lies on Holland’s eastern border and Belgium on Holland’s southern border. On the western and northern borders, Holland lies next to the North Sea. Holland’s total land area is 41,848 km? , of which 8478 km? are under flower and foliage crops. Holland’s land area has a water mass of 18. 41%. Holland has an estimated population of 16,491,852. The average growth rate is 0. 436%. Holland’s fertility rate is below the 2. 1 –rate required to replace natural population. Life expectancy is high; 79 for woman and 78 for men. Senior citizens are seen as a potential market group, as their children left the house and the mortgage are paid off. Thus leaving this target market group with more spending money for luxuries. The opposite of this again, shows an increase of one and two person households, creating an increase in the household market. The most spoken language is Dutch, with recognized regional languages is Low Saxon, Limburgish, Frisian, English and Papiamento. Holland declared their independence on 26 July 1581, and their independence was recognized on 30 January 1648. Holland is ruled by a Parliamentary democracy under a Constitutional Monarch. The current Monarch is Queen Beatrix. Mark Rutte from the VVD is the current Prime Minister. Holland has been playing a key role in the European economy since the 16th century. Shipping, fishing, trade and banking have been leading sectors in the Dutch economy. Holland is one of the worlds 10 leading exporting countries, and has the 16th largest economy in the world. Inflation is 1. 3% and unemployment is 4. 0%. This unemployment percentage is the lowest of all the European Union member states. Holland has a relatively low GINI coefficient of 0. 326. Amsterdam is the 5th busiest tourist destination in Europe, and gets more than 4. 2  million international visitors per year. The Aalsmeer flowers uction is the largest flower market in the world, and is run by FloraHolland. The current sales of cut flowers in Holland are â‚ ¬893 Million. The consumer market is the most important offset market in Holland, since they consume two thirds of these sales. Research had shown that Holland consumers bought fewer flowers in 2005 than in 2000. The ongoing economic crisis in Holland h ad a major effect on consumer spending. Consumers blamed it on less spending money and the high prices of flowers. Quality is one of the most important criteria for buying flowers, but the cost price has become a more important priority, especially to woman. Holland consumers also look at the perishable effect of flowers. About 60% of cut flower sales are spent on flower gift bouquets. This percentage is comparable to France. About 30% of this 60% are spent on birthday bouquets. Mother’s day is also a special day with the highest percentage of sales. In 2004 sales had grown to 26% from the 20% in 2002. Valentine’s Day has also grown the past two years, respectively to 10% and 11%. Flower Industry Background The world’s two biggest flower auctions are based in Aalsmeer (VBA) and in Naaldwijk/ Bleiswijk (BVH). On average 30 million flowers are traded in 100 000 transactions annually. During 1996 each of these markets had an annual turnover of 30 Billion Dollars. These flowers originate from countries such as Holland, Israel, Kenya and Zimbabwe. The Dutch flower auctions play a crucial role in Holland’s leadership in this type of industry. Holland provides efficient centres for price discovery and transactions between buyers and sellers. These auctions use the â€Å"Dutch auction† as the means for price discovery. These auction markets are established as cooperatives by Dutch growers. The Dutch Flower Auction Concept The Dutch auctions are characterized by using a computerized auction clock. The clock provides the buyers information regarding the producer, product, unit of currency, quality and minimum purchase quantity. Flowers are then transported through the auction room, and shown to all the prospective buyers. The clock hand then starts at a high price, which is predetermined by the auctioneer, and drops until a buyer stops the clock by pushing a button. The auctioneer will then communicate with the buyer regarding the quantity he/she would like to buy. After the transaction, the clock is reset or the flowers which are left on the floor, and the process begins all over again. Sometimes a new minimum quantity is set, until all the flowers are sold. The Dutch flower auction is an exceptionally efficient auctioning system, as it can handle a deal every four seconds. Caused by the increased imports, the VBA and BVH were close to its limits in terms of capacity, complexity and expansion room. One of the answers to these limitations was the introduction of new electronic auctioning systems. Four electronic auctioning systems were introduced to the markets. * The Vidifleur Auction (VA) The Sample Based Auction (SBA) * The Tele Flower Auction (TFA) – â€Å"Buyers have to trust the quality blindfold† * The Buying at Distance Auction (BADA) Unfortunately the VA and SBA failed, but the TFA and BADA deemed great successes. The VA was terminated in late 1991, as trading was difficult through screen-based trading. The SBA was discontinued the late 1995, due to decreased numbers of transactions per hour, and the negative effect on the functioning of growers, the auction house and buyers. The TFA The TFA was created by East Africa Flowers (EAF) after the Dutch flower auctions imposed import restrictions. During the traditional import season 30% of the EAF’s flowers could not be traded. During the summer season 100% of EAF’s flowers could not be traded. In December 1994 the EAF announced the creation of the Tele Flower Auction (TFA). On 24 March 1005 TFA was initiated with 70 buyers and 2 growers. A few months later the EAF decided that growers from other countries were also allowed to use the TFA. These were countries such as Colombia, Spain, India, France and Israel. After the TFA had been in use for one year the network increased to 35 growers and 150 buyers. Buyers bid via their personal computer (PC). Their PC’s are connected to a fully computerized auction clock. Flowers are not visible to buyers, as they are not present in the auction room. Each buyer can earmark interesting lots before the auction starts. The system will then warn the buyers before each of his earmarked lots are up for sale. The system provides information regarding the producer, product, unit of currency, quality, and minimum quantity for purchase. For each lot of flowers, 2 images are presented on the PC. The auction system remains the same: Dutch Flower Auction. The buyers see the Dutch auction clock on the PC screen. When the buyer needs to buy, he will stop the clock, the auctioneer will then communicate over an open telephone connection about the quantity of flowers he would like to purchase. The clock is then reset, and the process is repeated, until the lot of flowers is sold. All flower producers send the flowers to EAF, which is situated in Amstelveen. Distribution of the sold flowers is done by transporters of EAF. All transport costs are paid by EAF. The whole TFA process in EAF is done with considerable speed, as some deliveries are made to buyers within half an hour after a sale. 30% of TFA’s buyers regularly inspect the premises and flowers. Quality control is done by TFA’s inspectors at the producers, at the distribution pint in Nairobi and at the TFA in Amstelveen. The flower prices on average were not significantly higher or lower than the traditional Dutch flower auctions. TFA expected a 50 million dollar turnover for the growing season of 1995/1996. Compared to the seven Dutch flower auction markets, TFA ranks forth. On 14 January 2010 the Mavuno Group (Kenya) and the flower auction FloraHolland announced that all activities of TFA would be integrated into FloraHolland. This means a broader sales network to all TFA suppliers. The Mavuno Group in Kenya consists of the Oserian Development Company (250 ha farm) in Naivasha, Bloom (flower exporter/ retail supplier in Holland), World Flowers (Retail supplier in the UK), Fast Track Flowers (Retail supplier in the UK, grown product), East African Flowers (EAF, clearing in Holland) and Airflo (freight forwarding ) in Nairobi. By integrating the Mavuno group and TFA with FloraHolland all their producers were able to access to the virtual clock system, alternative digital selling systems and the direct sales of FloraHolland. For the TFA suppliers and buyers this meant increased efficiency in the logistical chain. The BADA The Buying at Distance Auction (BADA) was started by the Flower Auction Holland in 1996. The concept uses the idea that buyers can connect via a modem to several auction clocks in auction rooms. This project started off with 16 buyers and six clocks. By 1997, 60 buyers were on the waiting list. Lower travel costs were reported for this auctioning system. Some Lessons the Auctioneers Learned 1. The increased use of information technology and the separation of informational and physical trading will permit more varied forms of trading, customized to different buyers’ requirements. 2. Conformance of the actual and perceived quality of the product, logistical performance and IT performance result in an increased trust factor and to a successful electronic auction system. 3. New entrants can quickly build competitive advantage with a modern auction system model. FloraHolland Since the 1950’s Holland has been at the centre of the world flower trade. It has a functional trade system to facilitate the movement of cut flowers. Flower producers from around the world assemble at the famous flower actions. These auctions offer at a central marketplace for the buying and selling of floricultural products. Flowers are imported from various parts of the world, in order to create the largest selection possible. FloraHolland is a modern business with six auction centres, a nationally-operating intermediary organization, and an import department. FloraHolland is a primary cooperative: it is owned by its 6000 members. There is no legal separation between the cooperative and the business. This joining of forces is unique in the world. 39 Clocks are operated daily at the FloraHolland centres. This means 125 000 auction transactions every day, and 12 Billion cut flowers and over half a million plants a year. FloraHolland uses Image Auctioning. This means that flowers and plants are no longer taken into the auction rooms; but stays in the cold stores. Instead, photographs of the flowers are displayed in the auction rooms, from which the buyers can purchase. The advantage of this system is that the flowers and plants can be taken directly from the cold stores to the customer after the sale. The auctioning process continually needs to be renewed and improved. Thus, at the Aalsmeer location, all the traditional clocks have been replaced by projected clocks. These clocks have been redesigned to offer more information to buyers. Now, buyers are assisted with producer logos and photographs to encourage their purchasing decisions. FloraHolland Connect offers customized services to all buyers and their retail buyers. Their intermediaries are able to assist with targeted National and International product sourcing. These FloraHolland Connect packages include negotiation support, proper registration of all agreements between producers and buyers and comprehensible logistic agreements. They also offer assistance with resolving any disputes between producers and buyers. FloraHolland Connect is also an innovative associate for customers to offer commercial support and to contribute creative ideas. Figure 1 Top 10 Cut Flowers Auction Turnover in Euros 1 000 000 Our Current Situation De Roos Florist – Amsterdam Sloten We have a 250m? shop at 8 Ditsloot Laan in Sloten, Amsterdam. We are across the highway from Schipol Airport in Amsterdam and 15 kilometers from Aalsmeer Flower Market. Our marketing consists of a web dress and advertisements in our local newspaper, the Amsterdam News. We supply flowers and gifts for all occasions, specializing in flowers, potted plants and foliage plants. We offer a wide choice of bouquets, wines, champagnes, bears, chocolates and balloons. Orders are easily processed on our website, as customers only need to register once with all their information, and then on their second and later purchases only need to log in. Purchasing methods is possible by cash transfers, iDeal, Visa, Mastercard and American express. For a delivery in Amsterdam, same day deliveries are possible if the order was placed before 12pm. For the rest of Holland, deliveries will be made the day after the order was placed. A delivery fee of â‚ ¬8 will be charged for deliveries outside of Amsterdam. Currently we are daily buying flowers from FloraHolland at the Aalsmeer Flower Market. We have skilled employees who repack the flowers and create the bouquets. Supply Chain Diversification Definition: Supply chain diversification Supply chain diversification is a manufacturing business terminology used to describe the act of increasing choices for when to order what supplies from whom to bring products to the market. In short, it describes the abundance and flexibility of the suppliers for a certain product. Supply chain diversification is not a simple method of making suppliers compete with each other for the best price. It is more about preparing ones supply chain to be flexible for any kind of problem that the market throws at you. Advantages of diversification More emphasis on value chain innovation Efforts to reinvent the industry value chain can have a fourfold payoff: Lower costs, better product or service quality, greater capability to turn out multiple or customized product variations (upgrades), and shorter design-to-market cycles. Growers can mechanize high-cost activities, re-design production practices to improve labor efficiency, build flexibility into the â€Å"assembly† process so that customized product versions can be easily produced, and increase use of advanced technology (robotics, computerized controls, and automated/guided vehicles. ) Suppliers of parts and components, input manufacturers, distributors, and buyers can collaborate on the use of internet technology and e-commerce techniques to streamline various value chain activities and implement cost-saving innovations. A stronger focus on cost reduction Stiffening price competition gives growers extra incentive to drive down unit costs. Company cost-reduction initiatives can cover a broad front. Some of the most frequently pursued options are pushing suppliers for better prices, implementing tighter supply chain management practices, cutting low-value activities out of the value chain, developing more economical product designs, streamline order processing and pulling, reengineering internal processes using e-commerce technology, and shifting to more economical distribution arrangements and systems (e. . racking systems). Increasing sales to present customers In a mature market, growing by taking customers away from rivals may not be as appealing as expanding sales to existing customers. Strategies to increase purchases by existing customers can involve providing complementary items and ancillary services, and finding more ways for customers to use the product. Developing deeper relationships with key buyers (through personal visits , customized mailings, etc. ) will more often than not pay big dividends. Building new or more flexible competition The stiffening pressures of competition in a maturing or already mature market can often be combated by strengthening the company’s resource base and competitive capabilities. This can mean adding new competencies or capabilities (by either making or buying them), deepening existing competencies to make them harder to imitate, or striving to make core competencies more adaptable to changing customer requirements and expectations. Disadvantages Perhaps the biggest strategic mistake a company can make as the floricultural industry matures is steering a middle course between low cost, differentiation, and focusing; blending efforts to achieve low cost with efforts to incorporate differentiating features and efforts to focus on a limited (niche or cache) target market. Such strategic compromises typically result in a firm ending up stuck in the middle, with a fuzzy strategy, too little commitment to winning a competitive advantage, an average image with buyers, and little chance of springing into the leading ranks of the industry. Other strategic pitfalls include being slow to adapt existing competencies and capabilities to defend against stiffening competitive pressures, concentrating more on protecting short-term profitability than on building or maintaining long-term competitive position, waiting too long to respond to price cutting by rivals, over-expanding in the face of slowing growth, overspending on advertising and sales promotion efforts in a losing effort to combat the growth slowdown, and failing to pursue cost reductions and/or production efficiencies soon enough or aggressively enough. Supply Chain Decisions Supply chain management decisions are classified into two broad categories strategic and operational. As the term implies, strategic decisions are made typically over a longer time horizon. These are closely linked to the corporate strategy, and guide supply chain policies from a design perspective. On the other hand, operational decisions are short term, and focus on activities over a day-to-day basis. The effort in these types of decisions is to effectively and efficiently manage the product flow in the strategically planned supply chain. There are four major ecision areas in supply chain management: 1) location, 2) production, 3) inventory, and 4) transportation (distribution), and there are both strategic and operational elements in each of these decision areas. 1. Location Decisions: The geographic placement of production facilities, stocking points, and sourcing points is the natural first step in creating a supply chain. The location of facilities invol ves a commitment of resources to a long-term plan. Once the size, number, and location of these are determined, so are the possible paths by which the product flows through to the final customer. These decisions are of great significance to a firm since they represent the basic strategy for accessing customer markets, and will have a considerable impact on revenue, cost, and level of service. These decisions should be determined by an optimization routine that considers production costs, taxes, duties and duty drawback, tariffs, local content, distribution costs, production limitations, etc. Although location decisions are primarily strategic, they also have implications on an operational level. 2. Production Decisions A. The strategic decisions include what products to produce, and which plants to produce them in, allocation of suppliers to plants, plants to DCs, and DCs to customer markets. As before, these decisions have a big impact on the revenues, costs and customer service levels of the firm. These decisions assume the existence of the facilities, but determine the exact path(s) through which a product flows to and from these facilities. Another critical issue is the capacity of the manufacturing facilitiesand this largely depends the degree of vertical integration within the firm. Operational decisions focus on detailed production scheduling. These decisions include the construction of the master production schedules, scheduling production on machines, and equipment maintenance. Other considerations include workload balancing, and quality control measures at a production facility. * Increase production of summer flowers and lilies * Increasing scale of production of Roses and deliver to supermarkets and other mass retail chains B. Market channels in production decisions * Value-oriented customers Value in terms of prices has a significant effect on flower and plant expenditures and eventually plays an important role in explaining part of the trends in marketing these products. For example, the flats in the bedding and garden segment are assumed to be cheaper flower products compared to the others. Therefore, they are increasingly available in mass merchandise stores. People with low income who tend to buy these flowers are attracted to these low-price super centers. Value segmentation appears to be the most important market driver in selling De Roos flowers. Value will play an important role in raising sales from De Roos florist by introducing cheaper bedding plant cultivars and make large-volume sales through mass merchandise stores and supermarkets. Price will play a selective role in raising sales from potted flowering plants, foliages and cut flowers. With the increasing demand for large containers that have high-quality combinations, roses would continue to be expensive for value-oriented consumers. * Convenience Convenience will have an important role in raising sales from cut flowers and potted flowering plants. The indulgence market segment also plays a moderately important role in selling Roses, and other plant products. These market segments will provide broad opportunities for cut flower products that are mainly used as gift items, especially during calendar holidays and for special occasions. Cut flowers and potted flowering plants also fit into the coordinated and seasonal fashion trend and mostly they are a key element in indoor designs and decorations. As foliage plants continue to be widely used for interior decorations, the fashion and design market segment would also play a significant role in selling these plants. Convenience is becoming increasingly important for consumers when buying different flower and plant products. An increasing number of consumers are busy and perceive that they have less time for feeding and watering plants. Or some consumers want to buy plants and flowers that do not take weeks and months to mature. Others want to buy them in convenient containers and pots or they want products that are easily portable from one place to the other. Convenience is also one of the key factors in selling De Roos flower products. In particular, convenience would have an important role in raising sales from ut flowers and potted flowering plants. Convenience-oriented consumers will not be attracted to some of the bedding and garden plants, particularly the flats. Because these consumers do not have the time to continuously water and feed plants and flowers. They rather look for larger near-mature potted flowering plants or cut flowers. Large container and pot innovations that make plant ha ndling and growing easier or packaging innovations that improve the outside look of the container maintaining and improving plant quality would help to increase sales in this market segment. Cut flowers are coming well prepared and ready for use in arrangements, boutiques or consumers can buy them in single stems and they are easily transportable products. * Indulgence Indulgence considers a broad array of flower and plant attributes designed to meet consumers’ desires, as opposed to their needs. In this market segment, the consumers have unique attachment to the products, and they are buying not the item but the experience expressed in some ways. These consumers will buy the product because they might have connection to the products since childhood, they may like gardening and working with the plants, etc. In this group, there are also luxury or impulse buyers who pursue their intense emotion in purchasing flowers and plants. Holidays and special occasions are other aspects of indulgence that influence the market for flowers and plants. Cut flowers are the leading floral products that are used as gift items, especially during calendar holidays and for special occasions. They are also becoming increasingly appealing to the impulse purchaser. Therefore, the indulgence market segment will provide broad product development opportunities for De Roos florist. In the indulgence market segment, foliage plant will benefit from different consumer groups that purchase these plants for different purposes. Some consumers may want to have these plants, simply because they like them from experience or they know the performances of the plant from previous years. 3. Inventory Decisions These refer to means by which inventories are managed. Inventories exist at every stage of the supply chain as either raw material, semi-finished or finished goods. They can also be in-process between locations. Their primary urpose is to buffer against any uncertainty that might exist in the supply chain. Since holding of inventories can cost anywhere between 20 to 40 percent of their value, their efficient management is critical in supply chain operations. It is strategic in the sense that top management sets goals. However, most researchers have approached the management of inventory from an operational perspective. These include deployment strategies (push versus pull), control policies the determination of the optimal levels of order quantities and reorder points, and setting safety stock levels, at each stocking location. These levels are critical, since they are primary determinants of customer service levels. 4. Transportation Decisions The mode choice aspects of these decisions are the more strategic ones. These are closely linked to the inventory decisions, since the best choice of mode is often found by trading-off the cost of using the particular mode of transport with the indirect cost of inventory associated with that mode. While air shipments may be fast, reliable, and warrant lesser safety stocks, they are expensive. Meanwhile shipping by sea or rail may be much cheaper, but they necessitate holding relatively large amounts of inventory to buffer against the inherent uncertainty associated with them. Therefore customer service levels and geographic location play vital roles in such decisions. Since transportation is more than 30 percent of the logistics costs, operating efficiently makes good economic sense. Shipment sizes (consolidated bulk shipments versus Lot-for-Lot), routing and scheduling of equipment are key in effective management of the firms transport strategy. Kenya’s Cut Flower Cluster Value Chain Growers Growers grow flowers, suppliers procure them, they then sell these flowers to the wholesalers or retailers before the flowers finally reach consumers. This sounds like a simple value chain, except that the players involved come from all over the world. The vast majority of flowers are grown in Europe, Africa, Asia and South America and the consumer base comprises of Western Europe along with North America and Japan. However, despite this fact, the biggest trade center is the Netherlands. The world cut flower trade is characterized by a high degree of concentration by sources. Germany is the main market for imports, and the Netherlands the worlds leading exporter. Exports from the Netherlands to Germany are a principal component of the world cut flower trade; they make a significant part of the intra EU trade, which itself accounts for a large part of the world trade. In the Americas, Colombia is the major supplier to the United States. Japan receives its supplies from a more diversified base, with Taiwan, New Zealand and Europe being the most important ones. Since the 1950? s Netherlands has been at the center of the world flower trade. It has a good and functional trade system to facilitate the movement of cut flowers, which form a majority of flowers which are traded. Flower growers from all over the world assemble at the famed flower auctions to find suitable buyers for their produce. These flower auctions offer a central marketplace for buying and selling of floricultural products with good facilities for growers and buyers and effective logistics. Flowers are imported from various countries in order to create the largest possible assortment of flowers. This allows the industry to overcome the handicap of wholesalers not having the opportunity to import directly out of these countries. Roses Roses need labour-intensive watering, pruning and treating before they can be clipped and flown daily to buyers in Amsterdam and London. The best are sold through (Dutch) auctions to florists; the less good end up in European supermarkets. Kenya emerged as a flower power when Israel scaled down its own industry. It has since lost business to neighbouring Ethiopia, which offers tax breaks and better security, but Naivashas perfect intensity of sunlight and days of near-constant length should keep it on top. In any case, the owners are stoical. Figure 2 EU Consumption of Cut Flowers and Foliage Inventory Control Inventory is the stored accumulation of any item which can be used in a process; usually applies to material resources but may also be used for inventories of information. This can include: raw materials, finished goods, and work – in – process. Operations Management; 6th Edition; Slack, Chambers, Johnston) As a retailer / wholesaler / distributor, we have decided to follow the ‘Single – Period Model’ for stock inventory. This model is used to handle ordering of perishables and items that have a limited shelf life. Currently as a retailer, we function with the following Inventory which is ordered, distributed, processed and kept on site: * Cut flowers * Ex. Roses, carnations, chrysanthemums, orchids * supply flowers to wholesale florists across Netherlands and Europe * Potted flowering plants * Ex. Poinsettias, chrysanthemums, Easter lilies, African violets * Pot and plant shipped to market * Foliage plants * Ex. Philodendrons, dieffenbachia’s, figs, scheffleras, dracaenas * Potted plants to be grown and sold for their leaves instead of their flowers (houseplants) * Flower Themes: * By Occasion Birthdays, anniversary, sympathy * By Sentiment Congratulations, Romantic occasions, thank you, get well soon * By variety Roses, tulips, plants and orchids Inventory Rules Rules which we will follow in order to optimise our Inventory Decision making will include: 1) Simplistic inventory policies work well. Using the ABCD inventory policies or simple weeks-of supply rules frequently get 15-30% more inventory than needed and lower service levels. 2) Holding all items at all levels in our finished goods network will give us the highest service levels. Companies with multiple tiers of finished goods distribution frequently hold wrongs amount of inventory in wrong locations and suffer out of stocks despite high inventory investments. 3) It’s fine for each location or tier in the supply chain to set its own service level targets and replenishment planning frequencies. The lack of synchronized inventory policies across manufacturing stages and distribution tiers builds up unneeded inventory across the supply chain. 4) Inventory minimization should is our goal. 5) Using purchase orders or release notices for replenishment is efficient. A growing number of companies that use cut purchase orders or release notices for their suppliers are discovering it is more effective to ask suppliers to take responsibility for maintaining inventory between min/max levels. These misconceptions around inventory impact both top line and bottom line revenue. In order to improve our inventory turnover, we have followed the following guidelines: * Keeping our purchases in small batches to keep items fresh, reduce maintenance labour, and maximize the use of our selling space * Not filling prime retail space with boring inventory items * Large volume shipments may have a lower initial unit cost but when considering the additional floor time to maintain the volume and take the risk of not selling all items before the stock wilts might not be worth the savings * To fill the empty spaces, we can display already made arrangements which can be used for special occasions * Track our profitability by categorising the perishability of: * Cut flowers / Potted Flowering plants / Foliage Plants * Cut flowers and blooming plants typically have greater perishability that demands closer accounting and greater mark-ups. * Use green plants as the safest inventory back-up for funerals and holidays. * Keeping a reasonable mark-up because of the differing deg rees of perishability and maintenance one should use a different mark-up factor for the different categories of inventory. However, because of the high perishability potential, leftovers, and cooler expense, our inventory needs the highest mark-up. * Maintaining a high standard of quality as this: * Reduces spoilage of flowers * Sells easier and faster * Easier to maintain. * Less risk of problems * Commands a greater mark-up * Ability to Upgrade into special containers * Ability to add an array of items including figurines, trellis, balloons, twigs * Design into a unique arrangement * Have something unusual. Types of inventory There are currently 5 types of inventory. These include: 1. Buffer 2. Cycle 3. De-coupling 4. Anticipation 5. Pipeline Our current day to day inventory decisions are based on: 1. How much to order? In order to determine the amount of inventory to order we consider the difference between the costs associated with holding stock and compare it against the costs associated with placing an order. * We use a well known formula to assist in the abovementioned calculations is the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) formula. * By using different stock behaviour assumptions, the EOQ formula can be adapted to different types of inventory profile. * Inventory costs directly associated with the size of the order include: * cost of placing the order * price discount costs * Stock out costs * Working capital costs * Storage costs * Obsolescence costs * Operating inefficiency costs 2. When to order? * This depends partly on the uncertainty of demand. When the order arrives, a certain level of average safety stock is retained. This is how orders are usually timed. * The level of safety stock is influenced by the viability of the lead time usage distribution which is made up of: * demand * lead time of supply * Inventory levels should be continuously reviewed when using the re-order level as a trigger for placing replenishment orders 3. How to control inventory * Computer based information systems are used to manage inventory. These systems have the following functions: * updating stock records * generation of orders * generation of inventory status reports and demand forecasts Supply Chain for Import The figure below describes the domestic part of the export supply chain. The largest flower companies have vertically integrated most of (and in at least one case, all of) the functions described above. However, the social and environmental standards used in the flower industry do not apply to parts of the supply chain beyond the â€Å"Cold room†. When the stock arrives on the aircraft, the aircraft needs to travel at a constant cool to cold temperature to the final destination. In order to maintain the freshness of the inventory throughout the supply chain, the following needs to be considered when transporting and storing: * Inventory, flowers and plants, need to be stored in appropriate packaging to enable it to have as little human handling as possible. Cut flowers and potted plants need to be kept and maintained at cool temperatures throughout the end to end supply chain * Distributors need to drive improvements in flower and plant temperature management during distribution (demand-pull) * Day-ahead flower and plant ordering by growers is requ ired to ensure that adequate time is available to cool the products prior to transportation * Transportation should offer precooling services to ensure that all flowers and plants are transported within the desired cool temperature * Investing in equipment needed to ensure adequate initial cooling and to prevent breaks in the supply chain end to end Source: http://www. nri. org/projects/NRET/2607. pdf Export and Import Regulations and Taxes Duties and VAT It is vital to ensure that you pay the correct duties and VAT on all products that you import. There are number of different excise duties (e. g. Alcohol or Tobacco duty) that apply to goods, and you need to be sure that you are paying the correct rates. As small businesses may not be VAT registered, the rules will vary depending on the product, you should be certain to clarify the duty or VAT you will need to pay, and how this will change if you register for VAT in the near future. Depending on the amount you import and export, some business will be entitled to claim back some of the duty or VAT payments that you make. A number of businesses are also entitled to delay payment of duties (mainly for goods imported from outside the EU). Customs Entries If you are importing from outside of the EU or from special EU territories (including the Canary Islands and the Channel Islands), then the goods you bring in will almost always need to be entered and declared to Customs and Excise as they arrive (Either yourself or by an approved agent). If you are importing or exporting from within the EU, then a customs declaration is not usually necessary. Although if you are VAT registered, and your EU imports or exports exceed a set amount (currently ? 233,000 a year) you will need to fill in a supplementary declaration form each month. Payment Currency It is important to remember that when you import or export goods, you may be required to pay (or accept payment) in a number of currencies. You need to arrange with the supplier or buyer in advance who will bear the costs of exchanging the currency (e. g. From Euros to Pounds); this can affect the costs a considerable amount and may need some negotiation to find the fairest option. In most cases the buyer (importer) will pay the currency conversion charges, although it now a lot easier for payment to be converted as it enters the bank account (particularly with Euro payments). Open Account (OA) This type of payment is preferable to small businesses when importing, helping you keep positive cash flow. It is however much more preferable to have payment in advance when exporting. Documentary Letter of Credit (LC) This is where the customer’s bank provides a ‘letter of credit’, which promises to pay the supplier as long as the terms are met (and the bank has the money to pay) (ILC). There s also a ‘confirmed irrevocable letter of credit’ (CILC). This is a promise by a UK (or a large world bank) to pay the supplier, and is even more secure than an ordinary letter of credit. A letter of credit is the most secure way to be paid, but you must be careful to ensure that all documents related to the sale are correct, as a serious mistake can make the letter of credit worthless. Terms of Delivery It is essential that all importing or exporting be covered by an effective set of delivery terms. In the event of a late or damaged delivery, the costs to the importer could be huge. Incoterms are a set of international standard definitions that allow terms to be set without the risk of confusion, even when translated into different languages Incoterms help to set out fair compensation rules in the event of a late, damaged, or missing delivery. They can also set out fair payment details once a complete delivery has been made. Import Duties All merchandise coming into the Netherlands must clear Customs and is subject to customs duty assessment unless the goods are duty or tax exempt by law. Customs duties are, generally, an ad valorem rate (a percentage), which is applied to the transaction value (EU Euro) of the imported goods based on the cost of the goods, insurance, and freight charges. A commercial shipment below 22 Euros: no duty and no VAT collected. * A commercial shipment between 22 Euros and 150 Euros: no duty but VAT is collected. * A commercial shipment over 150 Euros: duty and VAT are collected. Import Taxes On imports the tax is assessed on the CIF d uty-paid value at the port of entry in the Netherlands; if excise taxes or other charges (excluding VAT) are applicable, the amount levied also is included. The VAT rate is the same for both domestic and imported goods Import Regulations of the Netherlands on Plant Health Phytosanitary import requirements of the Netherlands are directly based on the plant health regime of the European Community and its Member States. The purpose of these requirements is to prevent the introduction and spread of (quarantine) pests and diseases within the European Union. Points of entry All points of entry of the Netherlands can be used for the import of plants or plant products for which a phytosanitary certificate is required. The following main points of entry are in use in the Netherlands: * The Airport of Amsterdam Schiphol * The Airport of Rotterdam * The Airport of Maastricht List of importers and Approved places of inspection Upon entry all regulated objects are subject to inspections by the Netherlands Plant Protection Service. Inspections are carried out at an approved place of inspection. In the Netherlands most of these inspections are carried out at the place of destination, such as a place of production, approved by the Netherlands Plant Protection Service, in line with Council Directive 2000/29/EC. Import Declaration Form (IDF) An IDF must be applied for and obtained from the Kenya Revenue Authority for any Commercial Importation. The Importer is responsible for applying for the IDF but may consult us for purposes of Customs Classifications which form the backbone of the information drawn from the Pro-Forma Invoice. The IDF Fee is 2. 75% of the CIF Value of the goods. A minimum payment of Ksh. 5000/= is payable for the IDF to be issued, while the difference if any, will be paid alongside the Import Taxes. Quality Inspection The Kenya Bureau of Standards has appointed two agents namely INTERTEK and SGS for the Pre export Verification of Conformity inspection of the commodities listed on the Guidelines referred bellow. These agents will issue to the Shipper/Supplier a Certificate of Conformity and the Test Results. An IDF will be required before any Inspection can be performed Customs Import Entry The following documents are required for Customs Import Entry Purposes 1. Original Commercial Invoice 2. Packing List 3. Original Bills of Lading – Two Original 4. Original Certificate of Conformity 5. Original Test Result/Report/Analysis 6. Original Certificate of Origin for Preferential Trade Area Partners e. g. COMESA. 7. Import Declaration Form and the Receipt 8. Insurance Debit Note 9. Importers Declaration(C52) Special Permits/Certificates Certain types of Importations are subject to control measures and therefore Permits must be obtained from the concerned authorities such as: * Department of Agriculture (KEPHIS) Plants Importations Permit * Fumigation Certificates The role of the exporters Exporters play an important role in the flower supply chain. They have to perform several functions, and if they are unable to, these functions act as barriers to entry. According to Dolan et al. (1999), exporters have to ensure consistency of quality, reliability of supply and the perseverance of the products. Therefore, they have to help manage the production and processing systems to ensure quality, install control mechanisms to ensure reliability of supply and monitor the use of chemicals to ensure perseverance. Exporters also have to make sure that post-harvest care is done properly so that the products have a longer shelf life. The retail sector demands flexibility and reliability in the supply, and so logistics and transport are two of the most important aspects in this chain (the products only have a short period in which they can be marketed). The exporters, so as to be able to react quickly to orders, have installed a Just-in-Time (JlT) management system. This system reduces time between harvesting, packing and delivery. Efficient logistics depend on the quick exchange of information and knowledge between the participants in the global competitive chain. Integrating the participants in the chain electronically could accomplish this. Thus, the flow of the products throughout the chain could be traced. Exporters have to secure air cargo space to be able to transport the products rapidly in a reliable manner. Large exporters are able to pre-book airfreight services because they have the resources and volumes required. Small exporters, however, have to compete with passengers for air space, which can only be arranged just before departure. Exporters need to constantly develop new products and diversify the existing ones. By working closely with the importers, this could be achieved. Once they develop new products and innovative packaging, they reduce the risk of being substituted by the supermarkets. Exporters are also dependent on importers for market information about the changes in consumer preferences, as well as for technical information. With this information the exporter is able to ensure that the product mix and product packaging adhere to the customer preferences. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Distribution and Transportation ProcessA proper management of the logistics system, that is, the unique combination of packaging, handling, storage and transportation, will ensure that the product is imported and made available to the consumer at the right time and place and in the right condition. International logistics allows country’s to export products in which they have a completive advantage and import products that are either unavailable at home or produced at a lower cost overseas. Natural resource advantages and low-cost labour has enabled countries like Kenya to export flowers to places like the UK by airfreight where in turn the products are distributed nationwide by air, water or by truck. (Seyoum)Flowers take a number of routes to the consumer, depending on where they are grown and how they are to be sold. Some growers cut and pack flowers at their nurseries, sending them directly out to the consumer by mail order. Some flowers are sent to packing companies, who grade the flowers and arrange them in bunches for sale to supermarkets or to deliver by mail order. Some flowers are graded and sleeved by the growers and sold at wholesale flower markets; the wholesalers then sell them on to florists who condition and arrange the flowers for the consumer. Africa is currently responsible for 95% of Dutch rose imports. Our import roses are primarily from Kenya and Ethiopia. The import roses include many different flower types, with a relatively long shelf-life. We have recently begun offering boxed import roses. The advantage of boxed import roses is that the roses from Kenya and Ethiopia can be directly resold to Dutch exporters. The accelerated process gets the roses to the Dutch market two days earlier than those imported in water. Furthermore, we offer boxed import roses at even better prices. Thanks to the extensive purchasing organisation and partnerships with various growers, we are able to offer (almost) all import roses on a daily basis. Even the cultivars that are not auctioned are available from us. We are therefore able to offer you a total package of import roses. Billions of flowers and plants are distributed through the wholesale markets in Holland each year. The flowers are shipped fresh daily to florists, achieving a reliable rate of safe delivery. Most shipping goes by high speed trains. The rest reach their destination by air. Specialized packaging and handling help make the worldwide trade possible. Buyers can make Dutch flower market purchases live from anywhere in the world and have delivery usually within 24 to 48 hours. Most Dutch flowers are sold to European countries, but the eastern United States and the Chicago area are sizable importers as well. (Unknown)Some flowers are sent packed flat in boxes. This enables large amounts of flowers to be packed in small spaces like aircraft holds. Other flowers cannot survive for long periods out of water such as orchids and water lilies. These are either sent with their own sealed water container (called picks) on each stem end for more expensive or tropical flowers or are transported in buckets of water. The latter method extends the life of flowers and reduces labor time as flowers are ready for sale, but obviously also reduces the amount of flowers that can be transported as they are much heavier than dry-packed flowers and hence air transportation charges are higher. (Unknown)The Cool ChainRoses are perishable goods and therefore require a little bit of extra care and attention when they are being exported or transported. Though we might not consider flowers and plants to be perishable in the same way that food stuffs are, we know that cut flowers will continue to bloom but storing them in very low temperatures will slow down their physiological development significantly, which prolongs their life and keeps them fresher for longer. With the exception of tropical breeds, cut flowers and plants should be cooled rapidly to temperatures of around 33-35 F throughout their travelling time. Truck transport of flowers can be a preferable method because temp